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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in AIDS: Are There Any MR Findings Useful to Patient Management and Predictive of Patient Survival?" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="1999-11-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="Copyright © American Society of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: While MR findings in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been described previously, usually in retrospective studies with limited sample size, what has not been well addressed is whether any are predictive of longer survival. Our participation in a large prospective clinical trial of AIDS patients with biopsy-proved PML and MR correlation allowed us to test our hypothesis that certain MR features could be found favorable to patient survival.

METHODS: The patient cohort derived from a randomized multicenter clinical trial of cytosine arabinoside for PML. Pretreatment T1- and T2-weighted noncontrast images (n = 48) and T1-weighted contrast-enhanced images (n = 45) of 48 HIV-positive patients with a PML tissue diagnosis as well as the follow-up images in 15 patients were reviewed to determine signal abnormalities, lesion location and size, and the presence or absence of mass effect, contrast enhancement, and atrophy, and to ascertain the frequency of these findings. A statistical analysis was performed to determine if any MR abnormalities, either at baseline or at follow-up, were predictive of patient survival.

RESULTS: No MR abnormalities either on univariate or multivariate analysis significantly correlated with patient survival, with the exception of mass effect, which was significantly associated with shorter survival. The mass effect, however, always minimal, was infrequent (five of 48). More severe degrees of cortical atrophy and ventricular dilatation, lesion location and size, and other MR variables were not predictive of outcome.

CONCLUSION: Except for mass effect, we found no MR findings predictive of the risk of death in patients with PML. The mass effect, however, was so infrequent and minimal that it was not a useful MR prognostic sign." />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Judith Donovan Post" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Constantin Yiannoutsos" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="David Simpson" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="John Booss" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="David B. Clifford" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Bruce Cohen" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Justin C. McArthur" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Colin D. Hall" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="1999-11-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Brain" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in AIDS: Are There Any MR Findings Useful to Patient Management and Predictive of Patient Survival?" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/i&gt; While MR findings in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been described previously, usually in retrospective studies with limited sample size, what has not been well addressed is whether any are predictive of longer survival. Our participation in a large prospective clinical trial of AIDS patients with biopsy-proved PML and MR correlation allowed us to test our hypothesis that certain MR features could be found favorable to patient survival.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;METHODS:&lt;/i&gt; The patient cohort derived from a randomized multicenter clinical trial of cytosine arabinoside for PML. Pretreatment T1- and T2-weighted noncontrast images (n = 48) and T1-weighted contrast-enhanced images (n = 45) of 48 HIV-positive patients with a PML tissue diagnosis as well as the follow-up images in 15 patients were reviewed to determine signal abnormalities, lesion location and size, and the presence or absence of mass effect, contrast enhancement, and atrophy, and to ascertain the frequency of these findings. A statistical analysis was performed to determine if any MR abnormalities, either at baseline or at follow-up, were predictive of patient survival.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/i&gt; No MR abnormalities either on univariate or multivariate analysis significantly correlated with patient survival, with the exception of mass effect, which was significantly associated with shorter survival. The mass effect, however, always minimal, was infrequent (five of 48). More severe degrees of cortical atrophy and ventricular dilatation, lesion location and size, and other MR variables were not predictive of outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;CONCLUSION:&lt;/i&gt; Except for mass effect, we found no MR findings predictive of the risk of death in patients with PML. The mass effect, however, was so infrequent and minimal that it was not a useful MR prognostic sign.&lt;/p&gt;" />
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="citation_publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="citation_publication_date" content="1999/11/01" />
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<meta name="citation_issn" content="0195-6108" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="M. Judith Donovan Post" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami (M.J.D.P.); the Harvard School of Public Health, Statistical &amp; Data Analysis Center, AIDS Clinical Trials Group, Boston (C.Y.); the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (D.S.); the Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Haven (J.B.); the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis (D.B.C.); the Department of Neurology Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago (B.C.); the Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (J.McA.); and the Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (C.D.H.)." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Constantin Yiannoutsos" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami (M.J.D.P.); the Harvard School of Public Health, Statistical &amp; Data Analysis Center, AIDS Clinical Trials Group, Boston (C.Y.); the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (D.S.); the Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Haven (J.B.); the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis (D.B.C.); the Department of Neurology Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago (B.C.); the Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (J.McA.); and the Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (C.D.H.)." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="David Simpson" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami (M.J.D.P.); the Harvard School of Public Health, Statistical &amp; Data Analysis Center, AIDS Clinical Trials Group, Boston (C.Y.); the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (D.S.); the Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Haven (J.B.); the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis (D.B.C.); the Department of Neurology Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago (B.C.); the Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (J.McA.); and the Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (C.D.H.)." />
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<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami (M.J.D.P.); the Harvard School of Public Health, Statistical &amp; Data Analysis Center, AIDS Clinical Trials Group, Boston (C.Y.); the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (D.S.); the Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Haven (J.B.); the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis (D.B.C.); the Department of Neurology Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago (B.C.); the Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (J.McA.); and the Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (C.D.H.)." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="David B. Clifford" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami (M.J.D.P.); the Harvard School of Public Health, Statistical &amp; Data Analysis Center, AIDS Clinical Trials Group, Boston (C.Y.); the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (D.S.); the Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Haven (J.B.); the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis (D.B.C.); the Department of Neurology Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago (B.C.); the Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (J.McA.); and the Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (C.D.H.)." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Bruce Cohen" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami (M.J.D.P.); the Harvard School of Public Health, Statistical &amp; Data Analysis Center, AIDS Clinical Trials Group, Boston (C.Y.); the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (D.S.); the Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Haven (J.B.); the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis (D.B.C.); the Department of Neurology Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago (B.C.); the Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (J.McA.); and the Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (C.D.H.)." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Justin C. McArthur" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami (M.J.D.P.); the Harvard School of Public Health, Statistical &amp; Data Analysis Center, AIDS Clinical Trials Group, Boston (C.Y.); the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (D.S.); the Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Haven (J.B.); the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis (D.B.C.); the Department of Neurology Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago (B.C.); the Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (J.McA.); and the Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (C.D.H.)." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Colin D. Hall" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami (M.J.D.P.); the Harvard School of Public Health, Statistical &amp; Data Analysis Center, AIDS Clinical Trials Group, Boston (C.Y.); the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (D.S.); the Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Haven (J.B.); the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis (D.B.C.); the Department of Neurology Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago (B.C.); the Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (J.McA.); and the Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (C.D.H.)." />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in AIDS: Are There Any MR Findings Useful to Patient Management and Predictive of Patient Survival?" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: While MR findings in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been described previously, usually in retrospective studies with limited sample size, what has not been well addressed is whether any are predictive of longer survival. Our participation in a large prospective clinical trial of AIDS patients with biopsy-proved PML and MR correlation allowed us to test our hypothesis that certain MR features could be found favorable to patient survival.

METHODS: The patient cohort derived from a randomized multicenter clinical trial of cytosine arabinoside for PML. Pretreatment T1- and T2-weighted noncontrast images (n = 48) and T1-weighted contrast-enhanced images (n = 45) of 48 HIV-positive patients with a PML tissue diagnosis as well as the follow-up images in 15 patients were reviewed to determine signal abnormalities, lesion location and size, and the presence or absence of mass effect, contrast enhancement, and atrophy, and to ascertain the frequency of these findings. A statistical analysis was performed to determine if any MR abnormalities, either at baseline or at follow-up, were predictive of patient survival.

RESULTS: No MR abnormalities either on univariate or multivariate analysis significantly correlated with patient survival, with the exception of mass effect, which was significantly associated with shorter survival. The mass effect, however, always minimal, was infrequent (five of 48). More severe degrees of cortical atrophy and ventricular dilatation, lesion location and size, and other MR variables were not predictive of outcome.

CONCLUSION: Except for mass effect, we found no MR findings predictive of the risk of death in patients with PML. The mass effect, however, was so infrequent and minimal that it was not a useful MR prognostic sign." />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in AIDS: Are There Any MR Findings Useful to Patient Management and Predictive of Patient Survival?" />
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<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: While MR findings in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been described previously, usually in retrospective studies with limited sample size, what has not been well addressed is whether any are predictive of longer survival. Our participation in a large prospective clinical trial of AIDS patients with biopsy-proved PML and MR correlation allowed us to test our hypothesis that certain MR features could be found favorable to patient survival.

METHODS: The patient cohort derived from a randomized multicenter clinical trial of cytosine arabinoside for PML. Pretreatment T1- and T2-weighted noncontrast images (n = 48) and T1-weighted contrast-enhanced images (n = 45) of 48 HIV-positive patients with a PML tissue diagnosis as well as the follow-up images in 15 patients were reviewed to determine signal abnormalities, lesion location and size, and the presence or absence of mass effect, contrast enhancement, and atrophy, and to ascertain the frequency of these findings. A statistical analysis was performed to determine if any MR abnormalities, either at baseline or at follow-up, were predictive of patient survival.

RESULTS: No MR abnormalities either on univariate or multivariate analysis significantly correlated with patient survival, with the exception of mass effect, which was significantly associated with shorter survival. The mass effect, however, always minimal, was infrequent (five of 48). More severe degrees of cortical atrophy and ventricular dilatation, lesion location and size, and other MR variables were not predictive of outcome.

CONCLUSION: Except for mass effect, we found no MR findings predictive of the risk of death in patients with PML. The mass effect, however, was so infrequent and minimal that it was not a useful MR prognostic sign." />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node2494" data-node-nid="2494" id="top-node-2494--21519603621" data-pisa="ajnr;20/10/1896" data-pisa-master="ajnr;20/10/1896" data-apath="/ajnr/20/10/1896.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Brain</span></span></div>
  
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in AIDS: Are There Any MR Findings Useful to Patient Management and Predictive of Patient Survival?</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">M. Judith Donovan Post</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">Constantin Yiannoutsos</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">David Simpson</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">John Booss</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">David B. Clifford</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">Bruce Cohen</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">Justin C. McArthur</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">Colin D. Hall</span> <span  class="highwire-citation-author last"><span class="nlm-on-behalf-of"><span class="span" data-class="nlm-on-behalf-of">the AIDS Clinical Trials Group, 243 Team</span></span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">November 1999,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">20 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(10) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1896-1906; </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-2494--21519603621" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M. Judith Donovan Post </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami (M.J.D.P.); the Harvard School of Public Health, Statistical & Data Analysis Center, AIDS Clinical Trials Group, Boston (C.Y.); the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (D.S.); the Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Haven (J.B.); the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis (D.B.C.); the Department of Neurology Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago (B.C.); the Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (J.McA.); and the Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (C.D.H.).</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BJudith%2BDonovan%2BPost%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Judith%20Donovan%20Post%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BJudith%2BDonovan%2BPost%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Constantin Yiannoutsos </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami (M.J.D.P.); the Harvard School of Public Health, Statistical & Data Analysis Center, AIDS Clinical Trials Group, Boston (C.Y.); the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (D.S.); the Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Haven (J.B.); the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis (D.B.C.); the Department of Neurology Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago (B.C.); the Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (J.McA.); and the Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (C.D.H.).</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Constantin%2BYiannoutsos%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Yiannoutsos%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AConstantin%2BYiannoutsos%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">David Simpson </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami (M.J.D.P.); the Harvard School of Public Health, Statistical & Data Analysis Center, AIDS Clinical Trials Group, Boston (C.Y.); the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (D.S.); the Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Haven (J.B.); the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis (D.B.C.); the Department of Neurology Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago (B.C.); the Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (J.McA.); and the Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (C.D.H.).</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=David%2BSimpson%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Simpson%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ADavid%2BSimpson%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">John Booss </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami (M.J.D.P.); the Harvard School of Public Health, Statistical & Data Analysis Center, AIDS Clinical Trials Group, Boston (C.Y.); the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (D.S.); the Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Haven (J.B.); the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis (D.B.C.); the Department of Neurology Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago (B.C.); the Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (J.McA.); and the Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (C.D.H.).</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=John%2BBooss%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Booss%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AJohn%2BBooss%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">David B. Clifford </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami (M.J.D.P.); the Harvard School of Public Health, Statistical & Data Analysis Center, AIDS Clinical Trials Group, Boston (C.Y.); the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (D.S.); the Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Haven (J.B.); the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis (D.B.C.); the Department of Neurology Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago (B.C.); the Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (J.McA.); and the Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (C.D.H.).</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=David%2BB.%2BClifford%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Clifford%20DB&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ADavid%2BB.%2BClifford%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Bruce Cohen </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami (M.J.D.P.); the Harvard School of Public Health, Statistical & Data Analysis Center, AIDS Clinical Trials Group, Boston (C.Y.); the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (D.S.); the Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Haven (J.B.); the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis (D.B.C.); the Department of Neurology Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago (B.C.); the Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (J.McA.); and the Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (C.D.H.).</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Bruce%2BCohen%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Cohen%20B&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ABruce%2BCohen%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Justin C. McArthur </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami (M.J.D.P.); the Harvard School of Public Health, Statistical & Data Analysis Center, AIDS Clinical Trials Group, Boston (C.Y.); the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (D.S.); the Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Haven (J.B.); the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis (D.B.C.); the Department of Neurology Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago (B.C.); the Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (J.McA.); and the Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (C.D.H.).</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Justin%2BC.%2BMcArthur%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=McArthur%20JC&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AJustin%2BC.%2BMcArthur%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Colin D. Hall </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Medical Center, Miami (M.J.D.P.); the Harvard School of Public Health, Statistical & Data Analysis Center, AIDS Clinical Trials Group, Boston (C.Y.); the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York (D.S.); the Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Haven (J.B.); the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis (D.B.C.); the Department of Neurology Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago (B.C.); the Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (J.McA.); and the Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (C.D.H.).</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Colin%2BD.%2BHall%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Hall%20CD&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AColin%2BD.%2BHall%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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