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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Contrast-Enhanced Spiral CT of the Head and Neck: Comparison of Contrast Material Injection Rates" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="1999-10-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="Copyright © American Society of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Contrast-enhanced spiral CT studies of the head and neck are performed frequently using contrast material volumes of approximately 30 g iodine and a scan delay of 30–45 seconds. Because little is known about the effects of contrast material injection rates on tissue enhancement, this was prospectively investigated in our study.

METHODS : Ninety-seven patients underwent spiral CT of the head and neck. Each patient was assigned randomly to one of four groups who received 100 mL of nonionic contrast material (300 mg I/mL) at different monophasic injection flow rates with 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 mL/s. Scanning started after a constant delay of 35 seconds. The attenuation of the carotid artery, jugular vein, and sternocleidomastoid muscle was measured over time and the attenuation of the submandibular and thyroid gland was evaluated. Vascular attenuation of at least 150 HU was considered to be sufficient.

RESULTS : The mean scan time was 33 ± 5 seconds. The study, using an injection rate of 2 mL/s, showed the longest time of sufficient overall (arterial and venous) vessel attenuation (27 ± 4 seconds, P ≤ .008). The injection flow rate did not influence significantly muscular attenuation (mean enhancement during scan time: 9 ± 7 HU). The 1.5 mL/s protocol showed the lowest attenuation values of the submandibular gland (81 ± 12 HU) and the highest attenuation values of the thyroid gland (164 ± 22 HU), but the attenuation of the thyroid gland was not statistically different from that revealed by the 2 mL/s protocol.

CONCLUSION: Using 100 mL of intravenous contrast material with 300 mg I/mL for spiral CT studies of the entire head and neck, the optimal injection flow is 2 mL/s, whereas lower flow rates resulted in insufficient venous enhancement." />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Reinhard Groell" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Peter Willfurth" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Gottfried J. Schaffler" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Ramona Mayer" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Ferdinand Schmidt" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Martin M. Uggowitzer" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Manfred Tillich" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Bernd Genser" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="1999-10-01" />
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<meta name="citation_title" content="Contrast-Enhanced Spiral CT of the Head and Neck: Comparison of Contrast Material Injection Rates" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/i&gt; Contrast-enhanced spiral CT studies of the head and neck are performed frequently using contrast material volumes of approximately 30 g iodine and a scan delay of 30–45 seconds. Because little is known about the effects of contrast material injection rates on tissue enhancement, this was prospectively investigated in our study.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;METHODS&lt;/i&gt;: Ninety-seven patients underwent spiral CT of the head and neck. Each patient was assigned randomly to one of four groups who received 100 mL of nonionic contrast material (300 mg I/mL) at different monophasic injection flow rates with 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 mL/s. Scanning started after a constant delay of 35 seconds. The attenuation of the carotid artery, jugular vein, and sternocleidomastoid muscle was measured over time and the attenuation of the submandibular and thyroid gland was evaluated. Vascular attenuation of at least 150 HU was considered to be sufficient.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;RESULTS&lt;/i&gt;: The mean scan time was 33 ± 5 seconds. The study, using an injection rate of 2 mL/s, showed the longest time of sufficient overall (arterial and venous) vessel attenuation (27 ± 4 seconds, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; ≤ .008). The injection flow rate did not influence significantly muscular attenuation (mean enhancement during scan time: 9 ± 7 HU). The 1.5 mL/s protocol showed the lowest attenuation values of the submandibular gland (81 ± 12 HU) and the highest attenuation values of the thyroid gland (164 ± 22 HU), but the attenuation of the thyroid gland was not statistically different from that revealed by the 2 mL/s protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;CONCLUSION:&lt;/i&gt; Using 100 mL of intravenous contrast material with 300 mg I/mL for spiral CT studies of the entire head and neck, the optimal injection flow is 2 mL/s, whereas lower flow rates resulted in insufficient venous enhancement.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Contrast-enhanced spiral CT studies of the head and neck are performed frequently using contrast material volumes of approximately 30 g iodine and a scan delay of 30–45 seconds. Because little is known about the effects of contrast material injection rates on tissue enhancement, this was prospectively investigated in our study.

METHODS : Ninety-seven patients underwent spiral CT of the head and neck. Each patient was assigned randomly to one of four groups who received 100 mL of nonionic contrast material (300 mg I/mL) at different monophasic injection flow rates with 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 mL/s. Scanning started after a constant delay of 35 seconds. The attenuation of the carotid artery, jugular vein, and sternocleidomastoid muscle was measured over time and the attenuation of the submandibular and thyroid gland was evaluated. Vascular attenuation of at least 150 HU was considered to be sufficient.

RESULTS : The mean scan time was 33 ± 5 seconds. The study, using an injection rate of 2 mL/s, showed the longest time of sufficient overall (arterial and venous) vessel attenuation (27 ± 4 seconds, P ≤ .008). The injection flow rate did not influence significantly muscular attenuation (mean enhancement during scan time: 9 ± 7 HU). The 1.5 mL/s protocol showed the lowest attenuation values of the submandibular gland (81 ± 12 HU) and the highest attenuation values of the thyroid gland (164 ± 22 HU), but the attenuation of the thyroid gland was not statistically different from that revealed by the 2 mL/s protocol.

CONCLUSION: Using 100 mL of intravenous contrast material with 300 mg I/mL for spiral CT studies of the entire head and neck, the optimal injection flow is 2 mL/s, whereas lower flow rates resulted in insufficient venous enhancement." />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Contrast-Enhanced Spiral CT of the Head and Neck: Comparison of Contrast Material Injection Rates" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/20/9/1732" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Contrast-enhanced spiral CT studies of the head and neck are performed frequently using contrast material volumes of approximately 30 g iodine and a scan delay of 30–45 seconds. Because little is known about the effects of contrast material injection rates on tissue enhancement, this was prospectively investigated in our study.

METHODS : Ninety-seven patients underwent spiral CT of the head and neck. Each patient was assigned randomly to one of four groups who received 100 mL of nonionic contrast material (300 mg I/mL) at different monophasic injection flow rates with 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 mL/s. Scanning started after a constant delay of 35 seconds. The attenuation of the carotid artery, jugular vein, and sternocleidomastoid muscle was measured over time and the attenuation of the submandibular and thyroid gland was evaluated. Vascular attenuation of at least 150 HU was considered to be sufficient.

RESULTS : The mean scan time was 33 ± 5 seconds. The study, using an injection rate of 2 mL/s, showed the longest time of sufficient overall (arterial and venous) vessel attenuation (27 ± 4 seconds, P ≤ .008). The injection flow rate did not influence significantly muscular attenuation (mean enhancement during scan time: 9 ± 7 HU). The 1.5 mL/s protocol showed the lowest attenuation values of the submandibular gland (81 ± 12 HU) and the highest attenuation values of the thyroid gland (164 ± 22 HU), but the attenuation of the thyroid gland was not statistically different from that revealed by the 2 mL/s protocol.

CONCLUSION: Using 100 mL of intravenous contrast material with 300 mg I/mL for spiral CT studies of the entire head and neck, the optimal injection flow is 2 mL/s, whereas lower flow rates resulted in insufficient venous enhancement." />
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      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">HEAD AND NECK</span></span></div>
  
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Contrast-Enhanced Spiral CT of the Head and Neck: Comparison of Contrast Material Injection Rates</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">Reinhard Groell</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">Peter Willfurth</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">Gottfried J. Schaffler</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">Ramona Mayer</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">Ferdinand Schmidt</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">Martin M. Uggowitzer</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">Manfred Tillich</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">Bernd Genser</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">October 1999,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">20 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(9) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1732-1736; </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-2324--6222830047" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Reinhard Groell </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Reinhard%2BGroell%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Groell%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AReinhard%2BGroell%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Peter Willfurth </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Peter%2BWillfurth%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Willfurth%20P&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3APeter%2BWillfurth%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Gottfried J. 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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 20</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 9 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Oct 1999 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Contrast-Enhanced Spiral CT of the Head and Neck: Comparison of Contrast Material Injection Rates</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">Reinhard</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Groell</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">Peter</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Willfurth</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">Gottfried J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Schaffler</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">Ramona</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mayer</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">Ferdinand</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Schmidt</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">Martin M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Uggowitzer</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">Manfred</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Tillich</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">Bernd</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Genser</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Oct 1999, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">20 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(9) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1732-1736; </span></div>
  
  
  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Oct 1999, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">20 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(9) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1732-1736; </span></div>
  
  
  
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