1naresh2naresh<pre>Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [ad614021-4a94-433f-9de3-4815d734f0d3] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => ad614021-4a94-433f-9de3-4815d734f0d3
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [f958f10d-0ef3-41ca-b5e9-64aba43e1f50] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => f958f10d-0ef3-41ca-b5e9-64aba43e1f50
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;718754ad898e14a0b8b1664d62a81d2c1e898d4e
                )

        )

)
1naresh2naresh<pre>Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => FreeToRead
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [79f48026-f5bd-4c23-a4ac-3696851c5bf9] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => 79f48026-f5bd-4c23-a4ac-3696851c5bf9
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => FreeToRead
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [60ec47ca-a45b-41cf-b108-782933e4f8c9] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => 60ec47ca-a45b-41cf-b108-782933e4f8c9
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;718754ad898e14a0b8b1664d62a81d2c1e898d4e
                )

        )

)
1naresh2naresh<pre>Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => FreeToRead
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [883023f9-aec8-42f5-b9f1-d020a677381f] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => 883023f9-aec8-42f5-b9f1-d020a677381f
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => FreeToRead
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [c33b78a0-76f3-4497-8475-bd9ff954ce22] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => c33b78a0-76f3-4497-8475-bd9ff954ce22
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;718754ad898e14a0b8b1664d62a81d2c1e898d4e
                )

        )

)
1naresh2naresh<pre>Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => FreeToRead
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [584d3906-ae5a-4d32-911d-a56dc5b15143] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => 584d3906-ae5a-4d32-911d-a56dc5b15143
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => FreeToRead
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [52b059a9-acee-4b50-b24c-9cc08f5653ca] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => 52b059a9-acee-4b50-b24c-9cc08f5653ca
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;718754ad898e14a0b8b1664d62a81d2c1e898d4e
                )

        )

)
1naresh2naresh<pre>Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [ad614021-4a94-433f-9de3-4815d734f0d3] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => ad614021-4a94-433f-9de3-4815d734f0d3
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [f958f10d-0ef3-41ca-b5e9-64aba43e1f50] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => f958f10d-0ef3-41ca-b5e9-64aba43e1f50
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;718754ad898e14a0b8b1664d62a81d2c1e898d4e
                )

        )

)
1naresh2naresh<pre>Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [ad614021-4a94-433f-9de3-4815d734f0d3] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => ad614021-4a94-433f-9de3-4815d734f0d3
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [f958f10d-0ef3-41ca-b5e9-64aba43e1f50] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => f958f10d-0ef3-41ca-b5e9-64aba43e1f50
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;718754ad898e14a0b8b1664d62a81d2c1e898d4e
                )

        )

)
1naresh2naresh<pre>Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [ad614021-4a94-433f-9de3-4815d734f0d3] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => ad614021-4a94-433f-9de3-4815d734f0d3
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [f958f10d-0ef3-41ca-b5e9-64aba43e1f50] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => f958f10d-0ef3-41ca-b5e9-64aba43e1f50
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;718754ad898e14a0b8b1664d62a81d2c1e898d4e
                )

        )

)
1naresh2naresh<pre>Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [ad614021-4a94-433f-9de3-4815d734f0d3] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => ad614021-4a94-433f-9de3-4815d734f0d3
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [f958f10d-0ef3-41ca-b5e9-64aba43e1f50] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => f958f10d-0ef3-41ca-b5e9-64aba43e1f50
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;718754ad898e14a0b8b1664d62a81d2c1e898d4e
                )

        )

)
1naresh2naresh<pre>Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => FreeToRead
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [cea31600-8c29-4123-ba3d-179693440303] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => cea31600-8c29-4123-ba3d-179693440303
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => FreeToRead
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [607eb058-c4e0-4f0d-a890-c52d1e8bc248] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => 607eb058-c4e0-4f0d-a890-c52d1e8bc248
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;718754ad898e14a0b8b1664d62a81d2c1e898d4e
                )

        )

)
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" dir="ltr" 
  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
  xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
  <head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# article: http://ogp.me/ns/article# book: http://ogp.me/ns/book#" >
    <!--[if IE]><![endif]-->
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net" />
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//scholar.google.com" />
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//cdn.jsdelivr.net" />
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//www.google.com" />
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//www.googletagmanager.com" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<link rel="shortlink" href="/node/10079" />
<meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 7 (http://drupal.org)" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/sites/default/files/images/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />
<meta name="issue_cover_image" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/sites/default/files/highwire/ajnr/23/2.cover.gif" />
<meta name="type" content="article" />
<meta name="category" content="research-article" />
<meta name="HW.identifier" content="/ajnr/23/2/180.atom" />
<meta name="HW.pisa" content="ajnr;23/2/180" />
<meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html" />
<meta name="DC.Language" content="en" />
<meta name="DC.Title" content="Acute Postischemic Renormalization of the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient of Water is not Associated with Reversal of Astrocytic Swelling and Neuronal Shrinkage in Rats" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2002-02-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="Copyright © American Society of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="restricted" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Initially decreased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values are reversible if reperfusion is rapidly performed after focal brain ischemia. We sought to determine if reperfusion-induced renormalization of initially abnormal values indicates reversal of cellular, morphologic changes that occur during acute ischemia.

METHODS: Eighteen rats underwent 30 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) without reperfusion (group A, n = 6), with 1.5 hours of reperfusion (group B, n = 6), or with 12 hours of reperfusion (group C, n = 6). Diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MR images were obtained at the end of MCAO and 1.5 and 12 hours after reperfusion. Immediately after the final MR study, the brains were fixed by cardiac perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde. Neuronal injury was evaluated on hematoxylin-eosin-stained slices, and astrocytic size was determined by the area of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) plus S-100 expression.

RESULTS: In group A in which ADC values decreased significantly, 47 ± 12% of the neurons were slightly shrunken; astrocytes were moderately swollen, and the area expressing GFAP plus S-100 was larger than that in the contralateral hemisphere (117 μm2 ± 6 vs 89 μm2 ± 2; P &lt; .001). In group B in which ADC had renormalized, most neurons were moderately shrunken, and the frequency of such neurons was greater in group B (92% ± 2) than in group A ( P &lt; .001); astrocytes were markedly swollen, and the area was larger than that in the contralateral hemisphere (123 μm2 ± 8 vs 85 μm2 ± 4, P &lt; .001). In group C in which a secondary ADC decrease occurred, most neurons (94% ± 3) were severely shrunken, and some had eosinophilic cytoplasm; astrocytes were disintegrated, and the area of GFAP plus S-100 expression was reduced (78 μm2 ± 4 vs 90 μm2 ± 5, P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSION: Reperfusion-induced acute renormalization of ADC values is not associated with the reversal of neuronal shrinkage and astrocytic swelling that occur during ischemia. Conversely, the morphologic changes of astrocytes and neurons progressively worsen over time, although ADC values show a biphasic change." />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Fuhai Li" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Kai-Feng Liu" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Matthew D. Silva" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Xiangjun Meng" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Tibo Gerriets" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Karl G. Helmer" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Joseph D. Fenstermacher" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Christopher H. Sotak" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Marc Fisher" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2002-02-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="BRAIN" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Acute Postischemic Renormalization of the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient of Water is not Associated with Reversal of Astrocytic Swelling and Neuronal Shrinkage in Rats" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/i&gt; Initially decreased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values are reversible if reperfusion is rapidly performed after focal brain ischemia. We sought to determine if reperfusion-induced renormalization of initially abnormal values indicates reversal of cellular, morphologic changes that occur during acute ischemia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;METHODS:&lt;/i&gt; Eighteen rats underwent 30 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) without reperfusion (group A, n = 6), with 1.5 hours of reperfusion (group B, n = 6), or with 12 hours of reperfusion (group C, n = 6). Diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MR images were obtained at the end of MCAO and 1.5 and 12 hours after reperfusion. Immediately after the final MR study, the brains were fixed by cardiac perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde. Neuronal injury was evaluated on hematoxylin-eosin-stained slices, and astrocytic size was determined by the area of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) plus S-100 expression.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/i&gt; In group A in which ADC values decreased significantly, 47 ± 12% of the neurons were slightly shrunken; astrocytes were moderately swollen, and the area expressing GFAP plus S-100 was larger than that in the contralateral hemisphere (117 μm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ± 6 vs 89 μm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ± 2; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .001). In group B in which ADC had renormalized, most neurons were moderately shrunken, and the frequency of such neurons was greater in group B (92% ± 2) than in group A (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .001); astrocytes were markedly swollen, and the area was larger than that in the contralateral hemisphere (123 μm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ± 8 vs 85 μm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ± 4, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .001). In group C in which a secondary ADC decrease occurred, most neurons (94% ± 3) were severely shrunken, and some had eosinophilic cytoplasm; astrocytes were disintegrated, and the area of GFAP plus S-100 expression was reduced (78 μm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ± 4 vs 90 μm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ± 5, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .001).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;CONCLUSION:&lt;/i&gt; Reperfusion-induced acute renormalization of ADC values is not associated with the reversal of neuronal shrinkage and astrocytic swelling that occur during ischemia. Conversely, the morphologic changes of astrocytes and neurons progressively worsen over time, although ADC values show a biphasic change.&lt;/p&gt;" />
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="citation_publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2002/02/01" />
<meta name="citation_mjid" content="ajnr;23/2/180" />
<meta name="citation_id" content="23/2/180" />
<meta name="citation_public_url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/23/2/180" />
<meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/23/2/180.abstract" />
<meta name="citation_full_html_url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/23/2/180.full" />
<meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/ajnr/23/2/180.full.pdf" />
<meta name="citation_issn" content="0195-6108" />
<meta name="citation_issn" content="1936-959X" />
<meta name="citation_pmid" content="11847039" />
<meta name="citation_volume" content="23" />
<meta name="citation_issue" content="2" />
<meta name="citation_article_type" content="Research Article" />
<meta name="citation_section" content="BRAIN" />
<meta name="citation_firstpage" content="180" />
<meta name="citation_lastpage" content="188" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Fuhai Li" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Kai-Feng Liu" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Matthew D. Silva" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Xiangjun Meng" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Tibo Gerriets" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Karl G. Helmer" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Joseph D. Fenstermacher" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Christopher H. Sotak" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Marc Fisher" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Magnetic resonance in medicine :  official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine;citation_journal_abbrev=Magn Reson Med;citation_title=Early detection of regional cerebral ischemia in cats: comparison of diffusion- and T2-weighted MRI and spectroscopy.;citation_pages=330-346;citation_volume=14;citation_year=1990;citation_issue=2;citation_pmid=2345513;citation_doi=10.1002/mrm.1910140218" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=American Journal of Neuroradiology;citation_journal_abbrev=Am. J. Neuroradiol.;citation_title=Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of acute stroke: correlation with T2-weighted and magnetic susceptibility-enhanced MR imaging in cats.;citation_pages=423-429;citation_volume=11;citation_year=1990;citation_issue=3;citation_issn=0195-6108;citation_pmid=2161612" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Stroke;citation_journal_abbrev=Stroke;citation_title=Diffusion-weighted imaging studies of cerebral ischemia in gerbils. Potential relevance to energy failure;citation_pages=1602-1612;citation_volume=23;citation_year=1992;citation_issue=11;citation_issn=0039-2499;citation_pmid=1440708;citation_doi=10.1161/01.STR.23.11.1602" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Stroke;citation_journal_abbrev=Stroke;citation_title=Mechanism of detection of acute cerebral ischemia in rats by diffusion- weighted magnetic resonance microscopy;citation_pages=746-754;citation_volume=23;citation_year=1992;citation_issue=5;citation_issn=0039-2499;citation_pmid=1374575;citation_doi=10.1161/01.STR.23.5.746" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Radiology;citation_journal_abbrev=Radiology;citation_title=Cytotoxic brain edema: assessment with diffusion-weighted MR imaging;citation_pages=687-690;citation_volume=185;citation_year=1992;citation_issue=3;citation_issn=0033-8419;citation_pmid=1438745" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Magnetic resonance in medicine :  official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine;citation_journal_abbrev=Magn Reson Med;citation_title=Comparison of diffusion- and T2-weighted MRI for the early detection of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in rats.;citation_pages=39-50;citation_volume=18;citation_year=1991;citation_issue=1;citation_pmid=2062240;citation_doi=10.1002/mrm.1910180106" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Stroke;citation_journal_abbrev=Stroke;citation_title=Reversible focal ischemic injury demonstrated by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in rats;citation_pages=1304-1310;citation_volume=23;citation_year=1992;citation_issue=9;citation_issn=0039-2499;citation_pmid=1519287;citation_doi=10.1161/01.STR.23.9.1304" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Magnetic resonance in medicine :  official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine;citation_journal_abbrev=Magn Reson Med;citation_title=Rapid monitoring of changes in water diffusion coefficients during reversible ischemia in cat and rat brain.;citation_pages=454-460;citation_volume=31;citation_year=1994;citation_issue=4;citation_pmid=8208123" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Annals of neurology;citation_journal_abbrev=Ann Neurol;citation_title=Reversal of acute apparent diffusion coefficient abnormalities and delayed neuronal death following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats.;citation_pages=333-342;citation_volume=46;citation_year=1999;citation_issue=3;citation_pmid=10482264;citation_doi=10.1002/1531-8249(199909)46:3&lt;333::AID-ANA9&gt;3.0.CO;2-X" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Stroke;citation_journal_abbrev=Stroke;citation_title=Dynamics of Cerebral Tissue Injury and Perfusion After Temporary Hypoxia-Ischemia in the Rat : Evidence for Region-Specific Sensitivity and Delayed Damage   Editorial Comment: Evidence for Region-Specific Sensitivity and Delayed Damage;citation_pages=695-704;citation_volume=29;citation_year=1998;citation_issue=3;citation_issn=0039-2499;citation_pmid=9506615" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism :  official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism;citation_journal_abbrev=J Cereb Blood Flow Metab;citation_title=Secondary reduction in the apparent diffusion coefficient of water, increase in cerebral blood volume, and delayed neuronal death after middle cerebral artery occlusion and early reperfusion in the rat.;citation_pages=1354-1364;citation_volume=19;citation_year=1999;citation_issue=12;citation_pmid=10598940;citation_doi=10.1097/00004647-199912000-00009" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Neurology;citation_journal_abbrev=Neurology;citation_title=Temporal evolution of ischemic injury evaluated with diffusion-, perfusion-, and T2-weighted MRI;citation_pages=689-689;citation_volume=54;citation_year=2000;citation_issue=3;citation_issn=0028-3878;citation_pmid=10680805" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Stroke;citation_journal_abbrev=Stroke;citation_title=Transient and Permanent Resolution of Ischemic Lesions on Diffusion-Weighted Imaging After Brief Periods of Focal Ischemia in Rats : Correlation With Histopathology   Editorial Comment: Correlation With Histopathology;citation_pages=946-954;citation_volume=31;citation_year=2000;citation_issue=4;citation_issn=0039-2499;citation_pmid=10754004;citation_doi=10.1161/01.STR.31.4.946" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Annals of neurology;citation_journal_abbrev=Ann Neurol;citation_title=Secondary decline in apparent diffusion coefficient and neurological outcomes after a short period of focal brain ischemia in rats.;citation_pages=236-244;citation_volume=48;citation_year=2000;citation_issue=2;citation_pmid=10939575;citation_doi=10.1002/1531-8249(200008)48:2&lt;236::AID-ANA14&gt;3.0.CO;2-7" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Stroke;citation_journal_abbrev=Stroke;citation_title=Serial MRI After Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats : Dynamics of Tissue Injury, Blood-Brain Barrier Damage, and Edema Formation  Editorial Comment: Dynamics of Tissue Injury, Blood-Brain Barrier Damage, and Edema Formation;citation_pages=1965-1973;citation_volume=31;citation_year=2000;citation_issue=8;citation_issn=0039-2499;citation_pmid=10926965;citation_doi=10.1161/01.STR.31.8.1965" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism :  official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism;citation_journal_abbrev=J Cereb Blood Flow Metab;citation_title=Secondary deterioration of apparent diffusion coefficient after 1-hour transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats.;citation_pages=1474-1482;citation_volume=20;citation_year=2000;citation_issue=10;citation_pmid=11043910;citation_doi=10.1097/00004647-200010000-00009" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=J Magn Reson;citation_pages=445;citation_volume=86;citation_year=1990" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Magnetic resonance in medicine :  official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine;citation_journal_abbrev=Magn Reson Med;citation_title=Water diffusion and acute stroke.;citation_pages=154-163;citation_volume=31;citation_year=1994;citation_issue=2;citation_pmid=8133751;citation_doi=10.1002/mrm.1910310209" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Journal of magnetic resonance imaging :  JMRI;citation_journal_abbrev=J Magn Reson Imaging;citation_title=Detection with echo-planar MR imaging of transit of susceptibility contrast medium in a rat model of regional brain ischemia.;citation_pages=285-292;citation_volume=1;citation_year=1991;citation_issue=3;citation_pmid=1802141" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Stroke;citation_journal_abbrev=Stroke;citation_title=Incomplete Infarct and Delayed Neuronal Death After Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats;citation_pages=2303-2310;citation_volume=28;citation_year=1997;citation_issue=11;citation_issn=0039-2499;citation_pmid=9368580" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Stroke;citation_journal_abbrev=Stroke;citation_title=Neurological Deficit and Extent of Neuronal Necrosis Attributable to Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats: Statistical Validation;citation_pages=627-635;citation_volume=26;citation_year=1995;citation_issue=4;citation_issn=0039-2499;citation_pmid=7709410;citation_doi=10.1161/01.STR.26.4.627" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=American Journal Of Pathology;citation_journal_abbrev=Am. J. Pathol.;citation_title=Progression from ischemic injury to infarct following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat;citation_pages=623-635;citation_volume=142;citation_year=1993;citation_issue=2;citation_issn=0002-9440;citation_pmid=8434652" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The Journal of comparative neurology;citation_journal_abbrev=J Comp Neurol;citation_title=The topographical distribution of S-100 and GFA proteins in the adult rat brain: an immunohistochemical study using horseradish peroxidase-labelled antibodies.;citation_pages=197-207;citation_volume=165;citation_year=1976;citation_issue=2;citation_pmid=1107363;citation_doi=10.1002/cne.901650206" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Neuroscience;citation_journal_abbrev=Neuroscience;citation_title=Immunohistochemical co-localization of S-100b and the glial fibrillary acidic protein in rat brain.;citation_pages=857-865;citation_volume=17;citation_year=1986;citation_issue=3;citation_pmid=2422599;citation_doi=10.1016/0306-4522(86)90050-3" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Neuroscience;citation_journal_abbrev=Neuroscience;citation_title=Immunohistochemical study of glial reaction and serum-protein extravasation in relation to neuronal damage in rat hippocampus after ischemia.;citation_pages=527-540;citation_volume=38;citation_year=1990;citation_issue=2;citation_pmid=1702195;citation_doi=10.1016/0306-4522(90)90048-9" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Experimental neurology;citation_journal_abbrev=Exp Neurol;citation_title=Reaction of astrocytes in the gerbil hippocampus following transient ischemia: immunohistochemical observations with antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein, glutamine synthetase, and S-100 protein.;citation_pages=264-274;citation_volume=116;citation_year=1992;citation_issue=3;citation_pmid=1350252;citation_doi=10.1016/0014-4886(92)90006-C" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Experimental neurology;citation_journal_abbrev=Exp Neurol;citation_title=Immunohistochemical markers for neurons and astrocytes show pan-necrosis following infusion of high-dose NMDA into rat cortex.;citation_pages=249-259;citation_volume=128;citation_year=1994;citation_issue=2;citation_pmid=8076669" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=International journal of developmental neuroscience :  the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience;citation_journal_abbrev=Int J Dev Neurosci;citation_title=Immunohistochemical staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) after deafferentation or ischemic infarction in rat visual system: features of reactive and damaged astrocytes.;citation_pages=157-174;citation_volume=11;citation_year=1993;citation_issue=2;citation_pmid=7687085;citation_doi=10.1016/0736-5748(93)90076-P" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism :  official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism;citation_journal_abbrev=J Cereb Blood Flow Metab;citation_title=Magnetic resonance imaging of acute stroke.;citation_pages=583-609;citation_volume=18;citation_year=1998;citation_issue=6;citation_pmid=9626183;citation_doi=10.1097/00004647-199806000-00001" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Stroke;citation_journal_abbrev=Stroke;citation_title=Neuronal Necrosis After Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Wistar Rats Progresses at Different Time Intervals in the Caudoputamen and the Cortex;citation_pages=636-643;citation_volume=26;citation_year=1995;citation_issue=4;citation_issn=0039-2499;citation_pmid=7709411;citation_doi=10.1161/01.STR.26.4.636" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Stroke;citation_journal_abbrev=Stroke;citation_title=Cerebral White Matter Is Highly Vulnerable to Ischemia;citation_pages=1641-1647;citation_volume=27;citation_year=1996;citation_issue=9;citation_issn=0039-2499;citation_pmid=8784142;citation_doi=10.1161/01.STR.27.9.1641" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Radiology;citation_journal_abbrev=Radiology;citation_title=Cerebral Ischemic Hypoxia: Discrepancy between Apparent Diffusion Coefficients and Histologic Changes in Rats;citation_pages=199-204;citation_volume=215;citation_year=2000;citation_issue=1;citation_issn=0033-8419;citation_pmid=10751487" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Magnetic resonance in medicine :  official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine;citation_journal_abbrev=Magn Reson Med;citation_title=Evaluation of extra- and intracellular apparent diffusion in normal and globally ischemic rat brain via 19F NMR.;citation_pages=1-13;citation_volume=40;citation_year=1998;citation_issue=1;citation_pmid=9660547" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism :  official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism;citation_journal_abbrev=J Cereb Blood Flow Metab;citation_title=Changes in the diffusion of water and intracellular metabolites after excitotoxic injury and global ischemia in neonatal rat brain.;citation_pages=341-349;citation_volume=19;citation_year=1999;citation_issue=3;citation_pmid=10078886;citation_doi=10.1097/00004647-199903000-00012" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Pediatric Research;citation_journal_abbrev=Pediatr. Res.;citation_title=Delayed (&quot;secondary&quot;) cerebral energy failure after acute hypoxia-ischemia in the newborn piglet: continuous 48-hour studies by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy.;citation_pages=699-706;citation_volume=36;citation_year=1994;citation_issue=6;citation_issn=0031-3998;citation_pmid=7898977;citation_doi=10.1203/00006450-199412000-00003" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Experimental brain research.  Experimentelle Hirnforschung.  Expérimentation cérébrale;citation_journal_abbrev=Exp Brain Res;citation_title=Relation between delayed impairment of cerebral energy metabolism and infarction following transient focal hypoxia-ischaemia in the developing brain.;citation_pages=130-137;citation_volume=113;citation_year=1997;citation_issue=1;citation_pmid=9028781;citation_doi=10.1007/BF02454148" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Magnetic resonance in medicine :  official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine;citation_journal_abbrev=Magn Reson Med;citation_title=Temporal and anatomical variations of brain water apparent diffusion coefficient in perinatal cerebral hypoxic-ischemic injury: relationships to cerebral energy metabolism.;citation_pages=920-927;citation_volume=39;citation_year=1998;citation_issue=6;citation_pmid=9621915" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Stroke;citation_journal_abbrev=Stroke;citation_title=Alteration of Intracellular Metabolite Diffusion in Rat Brain In Vivo During Ischemia and Reperfusion;citation_pages=1930-1934;citation_volume=26;citation_year=1995;citation_issue=10;citation_issn=0039-2499;citation_pmid=7570750" />
<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Stroke;citation_journal_abbrev=Stroke;citation_title=Regional Variations in the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient and the Intracellular Distribution of Water in Rat Brain During Acute Focal Ischemia;citation_pages=1897-1905;citation_volume=32;citation_year=2001;citation_issue=8;citation_issn=0039-2499;citation_pmid=11486123" />
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Acute Postischemic Renormalization of the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient of Water is not Associated with Reversal of Astrocytic Swelling and Neuronal Shrinkage in Rats" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<meta name="twitter:image" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/sites/default/files/highwire/ajnr/23/2.cover.gif" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Initially decreased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values are reversible if reperfusion is rapidly performed after focal brain ischemia. We sought to determine if reperfusion-induced renormalization of initially abnormal values indicates reversal of cellular, morphologic changes that occur during acute ischemia.

METHODS: Eighteen rats underwent 30 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) without reperfusion (group A, n = 6), with 1.5 hours of reperfusion (group B, n = 6), or with 12 hours of reperfusion (group C, n = 6). Diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MR images were obtained at the end of MCAO and 1.5 and 12 hours after reperfusion. Immediately after the final MR study, the brains were fixed by cardiac perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde. Neuronal injury was evaluated on hematoxylin-eosin-stained slices, and astrocytic size was determined by the area of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) plus S-100 expression.

RESULTS: In group A in which ADC values decreased significantly, 47 ± 12% of the neurons were slightly shrunken; astrocytes were moderately swollen, and the area expressing GFAP plus S-100 was larger than that in the contralateral hemisphere (117 μm2 ± 6 vs 89 μm2 ± 2; P &lt; .001). In group B in which ADC had renormalized, most neurons were moderately shrunken, and the frequency of such neurons was greater in group B (92% ± 2) than in group A ( P &lt; .001); astrocytes were markedly swollen, and the area was larger than that in the contralateral hemisphere (123 μm2 ± 8 vs 85 μm2 ± 4, P &lt; .001). In group C in which a secondary ADC decrease occurred, most neurons (94% ± 3) were severely shrunken, and some had eosinophilic cytoplasm; astrocytes were disintegrated, and the area of GFAP plus S-100 expression was reduced (78 μm2 ± 4 vs 90 μm2 ± 5, P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSION: Reperfusion-induced acute renormalization of ADC values is not associated with the reversal of neuronal shrinkage and astrocytic swelling that occur during ischemia. Conversely, the morphologic changes of astrocytes and neurons progressively worsen over time, although ADC values show a biphasic change." />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Acute Postischemic Renormalization of the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient of Water is not Associated with Reversal of Astrocytic Swelling and Neuronal Shrinkage in Rats" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/23/2/180" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Initially decreased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values are reversible if reperfusion is rapidly performed after focal brain ischemia. We sought to determine if reperfusion-induced renormalization of initially abnormal values indicates reversal of cellular, morphologic changes that occur during acute ischemia.

METHODS: Eighteen rats underwent 30 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) without reperfusion (group A, n = 6), with 1.5 hours of reperfusion (group B, n = 6), or with 12 hours of reperfusion (group C, n = 6). Diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MR images were obtained at the end of MCAO and 1.5 and 12 hours after reperfusion. Immediately after the final MR study, the brains were fixed by cardiac perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde. Neuronal injury was evaluated on hematoxylin-eosin-stained slices, and astrocytic size was determined by the area of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) plus S-100 expression.

RESULTS: In group A in which ADC values decreased significantly, 47 ± 12% of the neurons were slightly shrunken; astrocytes were moderately swollen, and the area expressing GFAP plus S-100 was larger than that in the contralateral hemisphere (117 μm2 ± 6 vs 89 μm2 ± 2; P &lt; .001). In group B in which ADC had renormalized, most neurons were moderately shrunken, and the frequency of such neurons was greater in group B (92% ± 2) than in group A ( P &lt; .001); astrocytes were markedly swollen, and the area was larger than that in the contralateral hemisphere (123 μm2 ± 8 vs 85 μm2 ± 4, P &lt; .001). In group C in which a secondary ADC decrease occurred, most neurons (94% ± 3) were severely shrunken, and some had eosinophilic cytoplasm; astrocytes were disintegrated, and the area of GFAP plus S-100 expression was reduced (78 μm2 ± 4 vs 90 μm2 ± 5, P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSION: Reperfusion-induced acute renormalization of ADC values is not associated with the reversal of neuronal shrinkage and astrocytic swelling that occur during ischemia. Conversely, the morphologic changes of astrocytes and neurons progressively worsen over time, although ADC values show a biphasic change." />
<meta name="og-type" property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta name="og-image" property="og:image" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/sites/default/files/highwire/ajnr/23/2.cover.gif" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/vnd.ms-powerpoint" title="Powerpoint" href="/content/23/2/180.ppt" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/plain" title="Full Text (Plain)" href="/content/23/2/180.full.txt" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="Full Text (PDF)" href="/content/23/2/180.full.pdf" />
<link rel="canonical" href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/23/2/180" />
<script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];window.dataLayer.push({"page":{"hwTitle":"Acute Postischemic Renormalization of the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient of Water is not Associated with Reversal of Astrocytic Swelling and Neuronal Shrinkage in Rats","hwUrl":"http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/23/2/180","hwPath":"/content/23/2/180.abstract","hwType":"journal page"},"user":{"hwMemberID":"","hwLoggedIntoInstitutionID":"","hwLoggedIntoInstitution":"","hwAccessUsageTerms":"guest","hwRegisteredUser":"no","hwHasFullTextAccess":"yes","hwEntitled":"no"},"content":{"hwIssueDate":"2002-02-01","hwIssueDateTime":"2002-02-01 00:00:00","hwPublicationDate":"2002-02-01","hwPublicationDateTime":"2002-02-01 00:00:00","hwNlmArticleType":"research-article","hwDOI":"","hwAuthors":"Fuhai Li,Kai-Feng Liu,Matthew D. Silva,Xiangjun Meng,Tibo Gerriets,Karl G. Helmer,Joseph D. Fenstermacher,Christopher H. Sotak,Marc Fisher","hwContributors":"","hwIsEarlyRelease":"no","hwEissn":"1936-959X","hwPissn":"0195-6108","hwVolume":"23","hwIssue":"2","hwArticleType":"BRAIN","hwTabView":"main_tab","hwViewType":"abstract","hwAccessType":"Free","hwOpenAccess":"no","hwFreeAccess":"yes","hwTaxonomy":"","hwCorpusCode":"ajnr","hwType":"article","hwSubtitle":null,"hwOverline":null,"hwPisaId":"ajnr;23/2/180","hwFirstPage":"180","hwLastPage":"188","hwIsLatestVersion":"yes","hwIsCurrentIssue":"no","hwIsOpenIssue":"no","hwHasFullText":"yes","hwHasPDF":"yes","hwParentTitle":"American Journal of Neuroradiology: 23 (2)","hwElectronicPubDate":"2002-02-01","hwElectronicPubDateTime":"2002-02-01 00:00:00"}});
//--><!]]></script>
    <title>Acute Postischemic Renormalization of the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient of Water is not Associated with Reversal of Astrocytic Swelling and Neuronal Shrinkage in Rats | American Journal of Neuroradiology</title>  
    <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__BJ6Ou6QsBRtnFTmxaakamOIS8n4QswDP2XnnZ1sxtaM__NBuvkP6eInGIkb1aJvUHx5PX79XApuxBDkk_77W5tYk__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.css" media="all" />
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__azeXjFYQUa4gTbdEg4sgM2osudOlAYwVv6vNmRXI3ac__zr83wx5lNxUVx-jSIFm8RDKOeMAB7RbaBxriFHS3dt4__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.css" media="all" />
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__Ep75tNOnm8H2Mejav16FnGCfM1sLwyporbQrCIgwg3g__vXGjszfa0bvxzymQ8Cfns-o2huFvm80jp3igN8XcYeI__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.css" media="all" />
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__TKi6DXKzgLPdEthh1Tnc63zY1QF4rLZHoM06Xy7VN6g__zaEHphFiBcrl8WVy_4n080y02dQ7HKxd_aqZbYgQ5Z0__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.css" media="all" />
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/all/modules/highwire/highwire/highwire.style.highwire.css?sycxuq" media="all" />
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__368m7sVtRu23rjqTxGZiVyTf_Vgj9GfVKn_6XVu-Ktw__awmYo-4mw13F7nmNUNtBYLumKanDZb8salegB2jkN90__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.css" media="all" />
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/qtip2/2.2.1/jquery.qtip.min.css" media="all" />
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__hdrV1jPSgxW0fPsRrK3sQAuhpElWcUo2f4JtkNIdb-Y__EwYsXwfG_cT9y3A9Cx4FsJxJRuF38Um_dApnuovtq68__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.css" media="all" />
<style type="text/css" media="all">
/* <![CDATA[ */
#sliding-popup.sliding-popup-bottom,#sliding-popup.sliding-popup-bottom .eu-cookie-withdraw-banner,.eu-cookie-withdraw-tab{background:#000000;}#sliding-popup.sliding-popup-bottom.eu-cookie-withdraw-wrapper{background:transparent}#sliding-popup .popup-content #popup-text h1,#sliding-popup .popup-content #popup-text h2,#sliding-popup .popup-content #popup-text h3,#sliding-popup .popup-content #popup-text p,.eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button,.eu-cookie-withdraw-tab{color:#ffffff !important;}.eu-cookie-withdraw-tab{border-color:#ffffff;}.eu-cookie-compliance-more-button{color:#ffffff !important;}

/* ]]> */
</style>

<!--[if lte IE 7]>
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__ElJr3PIJEvw3qLXc1cnYiLj2G4KgDPSXFOfm6Phf8hw__JdWGm15cDWjsK6KrFlQVXQix9YgNeYysf22XZHj-Y-c__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.css" media="all" />
<![endif]-->
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__Wnlyen9qEpwh_Qaf9okEu4QdVGM0BDothxeqA6Nbvo8__EJmw6SZD9bYoS8jocCpPYS3JFRURpdzmuvJoAUNiI-g__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.css" media="all" />
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__nv7Hafs9UucfV8bmT4epWF4zWAFU2G9JLHVgOOHDqbA__k9QUw6MohZGXV0YlzqvUpPTbyzhbizsKOi4x3aA7Tx0__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.css" media="all" />

<!--[if (lt IE 9)&(!IEMobile)]>
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__XH6bpcI0f2dImc-p674DLCZtWBGb-QwxJK1YexVGtno__vUceGprdo5nIhV6DH93X7fI3r8RcTJbChbas9TQXeW4__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.css" media="all" />
<![endif]-->

<!--[if gte IE 9]><!-->
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__2WBMox6sOrN42ss5lCnH7WWVRdFdJCxtTKnQJYRwTE4__yqNvNYLvMpjy3ffuJrjjm9uW2i-Me1c23KLYuWHaqio__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.css" media="all" />
<!--<![endif]-->
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/sites/default/files/advagg_css/css__wxg7u6KrkAKrph8zjmzjNAiqxtVP2vhMWX2NZ6DPPZE__ECvRNuvDf2Tm_Pc-j1mEkt48QjmIz2s2CyWDspWAhhI__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.css" media="all" />
    <script type="text/javascript">
<!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
/*!
 * yepnope1.5.4
 * (c) WTFPL, GPLv2
 */
(function(a,b,c){function d(a){return"[object Function]"==o.call(a)}function e(a){return"string"==typeof a}function f(){}function g(a){return!a||"loaded"==a||"complete"==a||"uninitialized"==a}function h(){var a=p.shift();q=1,a?a.t?m(function(){("c"==a.t?B.injectCss:B.injectJs)(a.s,0,a.a,a.x,a.e,1)},0):(a(),h()):q=0}function i(a,c,d,e,f,i,j){function k(b){if(!o&&g(l.readyState)&&(u.r=o=1,!q&&h(),l.onload=l.onreadystatechange=null,b)){"img"!=a&&m(function(){t.removeChild(l)},50);for(var d in y[c])y[c].hasOwnProperty(d)&&y[c][d].onload()}}var j=j||B.errorTimeout,l=b.createElement(a),o=0,r=0,u={t:d,s:c,e:f,a:i,x:j};1===y[c]&&(r=1,y[c]=[]),"object"==a?l.data=c:(l.src=c,l.type=a),l.width=l.height="0",l.onerror=l.onload=l.onreadystatechange=function(){k.call(this,r)},p.splice(e,0,u),"img"!=a&&(r||2===y[c]?(t.insertBefore(l,s?null:n),m(k,j)):y[c].push(l))}function j(a,b,c,d,f){return q=0,b=b||"j",e(a)?i("c"==b?v:u,a,b,this.i++,c,d,f):(p.splice(this.i++,0,a),1==p.length&&h()),this}function k(){var a=B;return a.loader={load:j,i:0},a}var l=b.documentElement,m=a.setTimeout,n=b.getElementsByTagName("script")[0],o={}.toString,p=[],q=0,r="MozAppearance"in l.style,s=r&&!!b.createRange().compareNode,t=s?l:n.parentNode,l=a.opera&&"[object Opera]"==o.call(a.opera),l=!!b.attachEvent&&!l,u=r?"object":l?"script":"img",v=l?"script":u,w=Array.isArray||function(a){return"[object Array]"==o.call(a)},x=[],y={},z={timeout:function(a,b){return b.length&&(a.timeout=b[0]),a}},A,B;B=function(a){function b(a){var a=a.split("!"),b=x.length,c=a.pop(),d=a.length,c={url:c,origUrl:c,prefixes:a},e,f,g;for(f=0;f<d;f++)g=a[f].split("="),(e=z[g.shift()])&&(c=e(c,g));for(f=0;f<b;f++)c=x[f](c);return c}function g(a,e,f,g,h){var i=b(a),j=i.autoCallback;i.url.split(".").pop().split("?").shift(),i.bypass||(e&&(e=d(e)?e:e[a]||e[g]||e[a.split("/").pop().split("?")[0]]),i.instead?i.instead(a,e,f,g,h):(y[i.url]?i.noexec=!0:y[i.url]=1,f.load(i.url,i.forceCSS||!i.forceJS&&"css"==i.url.split(".").pop().split("?").shift()?"c":c,i.noexec,i.attrs,i.timeout),(d(e)||d(j))&&f.load(function(){k(),e&&e(i.origUrl,h,g),j&&j(i.origUrl,h,g),y[i.url]=2})))}function h(a,b){function c(a,c){if(a){if(e(a))c||(j=function(){var a=[].slice.call(arguments);k.apply(this,a),l()}),g(a,j,b,0,h);else if(Object(a)===a)for(n in m=function(){var b=0,c;for(c in a)a.hasOwnProperty(c)&&b++;return b}(),a)a.hasOwnProperty(n)&&(!c&&!--m&&(d(j)?j=function(){var a=[].slice.call(arguments);k.apply(this,a),l()}:j[n]=function(a){return function(){var b=[].slice.call(arguments);a&&a.apply(this,b),l()}}(k[n])),g(a[n],j,b,n,h))}else!c&&l()}var h=!!a.test,i=a.load||a.both,j=a.callback||f,k=j,l=a.complete||f,m,n;c(h?a.yep:a.nope,!!i),i&&c(i)}var i,j,l=this.yepnope.loader;if(e(a))g(a,0,l,0);else if(w(a))for(i=0;i<a.length;i++)j=a[i],e(j)?g(j,0,l,0):w(j)?B(j):Object(j)===j&&h(j,l);else Object(a)===a&&h(a,l)},B.addPrefix=function(a,b){z[a]=b},B.addFilter=function(a){x.push(a)},B.errorTimeout=1e4,null==b.readyState&&b.addEventListener&&(b.readyState="loading",b.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",A=function(){b.removeEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",A,0),b.readyState="complete"},0)),a.yepnope=k(),a.yepnope.executeStack=h,a.yepnope.injectJs=function(a,c,d,e,i,j){var k=b.createElement("script"),l,o,e=e||B.errorTimeout;k.src=a;for(o in d)k.setAttribute(o,d[o]);c=j?h:c||f,k.onreadystatechange=k.onload=function(){!l&&g(k.readyState)&&(l=1,c(),k.onload=k.onreadystatechange=null)},m(function(){l||(l=1,c(1))},e),i?k.onload():n.parentNode.insertBefore(k,n)},a.yepnope.injectCss=function(a,c,d,e,g,i){var e=b.createElement("link"),j,c=i?h:c||f;e.href=a,e.rel="stylesheet",e.type="text/css";for(j in d)e.setAttribute(j,d[j]);g||(n.parentNode.insertBefore(e,n),m(c,0))}})(this,document);

//--><!]]>
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/all/libraries/modernizr/modernizr.min.js?sycxuq"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
yepnope({
  test: Modernizr.matchmedia,
  nope: '/sites/all/libraries/media-match/media.match.min.js'
});
//--><!]]>
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__wH8myWXKi4A-QKdUKDXzJAnGs-FRS1A2ZzTTNzjRAdI__4MCtOZK_Ov0QKyRlXNLGQ2LRlYRGWj9ArT-NpFox3QA__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
var googletag = googletag || {};
googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || [];
googletag.slots = googletag.slots || {};
//--><!]]>
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__9ici6QMeDS-cROq8R0RhuICsMGMP2wcJZNQQFsqQi44__kScSwG4RXGl1LXnj4qqt0ZxtNX4Gh2TK5W-o8Uup4SA__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__fwhbnUWIxW-jFl55E2mBYVtZTjGhJ1JWyZYAJ2cEd3A__jCrCuWCJIPYPe1FzZoUvsJWEjkNMmRIQHYek1h7idBE__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
googletag.slots["rhs"] = googletag.defineSlot("/446583111/RHS_300x250", [300, 250], "dfp-ad-rhs")
  .addService(googletag.pubads());
//--><!]]>
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__UR8BHznwml64Vq0ijSGFwlm-xe9ttj1aripHInFCOLw__irCalsu-H_fRTOPqjyCv1O8Ax7fqY6DDf-uMOV1dvGY__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
var mapping = googletag.sizeMapping()
  .addSize([768, 0], [728, 90])
  .addSize([0, 0], [300, 50])
  .build();
googletag.slots["bottom_leaderboard"] = googletag.defineSlot("/446583111/Bottom_Banner_728x90", [[728, 90], [300, 50]], "dfp-ad-bottom_leaderboard")
  .addService(googletag.pubads())
  .defineSizeMapping(mapping);
//--><!]]>
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__bQc6kyz_Gw2afC1F6wguCBh8Z8nev-hxX6F2Tw4bq6k__CO2faEsYCquY82rVj6as9HScSnogGHeR-oh5fSQydG0__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
var mapping = googletag.sizeMapping()
  .addSize([768, 0], [728, 90])
  .addSize([0, 0], [300, 50])
  .build();
googletag.slots["top_leaderboard"] = googletag.defineSlot("/446583111/Top_Leaderboard_728x90", [[728, 90], [300, 50]], "dfp-ad-top_leaderboard")
  .addService(googletag.pubads())
  .defineSizeMapping(mapping);
//--><!]]>
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__wS6WUeF11NLeJgCqxc-dMvjhALAMQG1jlaeWdG8yVZc__CPiombDS21ooaYdmqHXdcMoJwB2FMn18JzO97LewQxc__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
document.createElement( "picture" );
//--><!]]>
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__UK1ygaa8bCfT-jsjqYRdRLDZ5N17950T7K5WPC9XtpI__NqLYT1T1SMBsKukLWIe82VgCZYYCMHZX_f609-a1rj8__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
googletag.cmd.push(function() {
  googletag.pubads().enableAsyncRendering();
  googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest();
  googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs();
  googletag.pubads().addEventListener("slotRenderEnded", function (event) {
    if (event.isEmpty) {
      var id = event.slot.getSlotElementId();
      var x = document.getElementById(id);
      if (x.parentElement.classList.contains("dfp-tag-wrapper")) {
        x.parentElement.style.display = "none";
      }
    }
  });
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("page:hwTitle", "Acute Postischemic Renormalization of the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient of Water is not Associated with Reversal of Astrocytic Swelling and Neuronal Shrinkage in Rats");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("page:hwUrl", "http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/23/2/180");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("page:hwPath", "/content/23/2/180.abstract");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("page:hwType", "journal page");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("user:hwAccessUsageTerms", "guest");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("user:hwRegisteredUser", "no");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("user:hwHasFullTextAccess", "yes");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("user:hwEntitled", "no");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwIssueDate", "2002-02-01");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwIssueDateTime", "2002-02-01 00:00:00");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwPublicationDate", "2002-02-01");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwPublicationDateTime", "2002-02-01 00:00:00");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwNlmArticleType", "research-article");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwAuthors", ["Fuhai Li","Kai-Feng Liu","Matthew D. Silva","Xiangjun Meng","Tibo Gerriets","Karl G. Helmer","Joseph D. Fenstermacher","Christopher H. Sotak","Marc Fisher"]);
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwIsEarlyRelease", "no");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwEissn", "1936-959X");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwPissn", "0195-6108");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwVolume", "23");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwIssue", "2");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwArticleType", "BRAIN");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwTabView", "main_tab");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwViewType", "abstract");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwAccessType", "Free");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwOpenAccess", "no");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwFreeAccess", "yes");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwCorpusCode", "ajnr");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwType", "article");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwPisaId", "ajnr;23/2/180");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwFirstPage", "180");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwLastPage", "188");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwIsLatestVersion", "yes");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwIsCurrentIssue", "no");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwIsOpenIssue", "no");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwHasFullText", "yes");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwHasPDF", "yes");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwParentTitle", "American Journal of Neuroradiology: 23 (2)");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwElectronicPubDate", "2002-02-01");
  googletag.pubads().setTargeting("content:hwElectronicPubDateTime", "2002-02-01 00:00:00");
});

googletag.enableServices();
//--><!]]>
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__3vwOA0BwlnyBkt9H4CLg6FgNyKAh--OmfOxFOIu_5S4__EXTgktcHbQ7BQfelY6CnrqgPRc4i4eD6XcZ4i3xs5RU__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" async="async" src="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_js/casa.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__11OTRBANYp_FPYy8gxuWv8XYK780LivNl9ef5qg3rfw__TEVdNksA7-zrPiZwnenYHdToBjuVChsDlzQL_vP4NkY__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/qtip2/2.2.1/jquery.qtip.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__yiXGyyzC1oV2sZBtAUN2DFoM2mAH5KP0iYCqS1dmafE__UiTPqZo1iNHqhqhx1lKGu2xkUGpxmin5ny6_22C53JA__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
if(typeof window.MathJax === "undefined") window.MathJax = { menuSettings: { zoom: "Click" } };
//--><!]]>
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__gzglMimeshoybn5FdOUfx5zFIzXjSZCarAdAqdFwzb0__XnS2ZmP_Eu1FvGruois2GWaJM4qn-3H8Rt4VF8dvyrA__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?hl=en&amp;render=explicit&amp;onload=drupalRecaptchaOnload"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__HqKvnCDNMo-YAPie1hyUhsHT2zZv8Q-DTdZ7Y5G0fds__MOkbgqF8SI-u0Z_5FaIvk3ciKbdAECUW01goWYwk8t4__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" async="async" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-4CRTLTY8KW"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag("config", "G-4CRTLTY8KW", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true});
//--><!]]>
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__xwmR_XUqgIHdKocIkn2GiqYMVWJ0gY7OwpoARPRxEYM__CdSkXbn46iKUJfVct1nUx50N8MQ35eZOCMya9EuGbeU__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__156__G_TX0wWbp2x4EuISKOgbs4NaeHZ2KmXq85T6UI__w2izI_4UeJKq2XZJo79kNkQyxp_-2ptYjzA3YJcr-tg__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__az53Pz-SG0wejB-7UDzC-AbKqNFb4dAiZbq9Ymbj0sY__8FyXs8A34T1jX6OUXsgX27-4ASoy8QDncslXiOc2PK4__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, {"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","ajaxPageState":{"theme":"jcore_1","theme_token":"2fdhEBioHneHZ3IGd9MBS0vqI0agxqoZNeiL78CWZNo","js":{"sites\/all\/libraries\/modernizr\/modernizr.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/jquery\/1.8\/jquery.min.js":1,"misc\/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js":1,"misc\/jquery.once.js":1,"misc\/drupal.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/ui\/minified\/jquery.ui.core.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/ui\/minified\/jquery.ui.widget.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/ui\/minified\/jquery.ui.button.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/ui\/minified\/jquery.ui.mouse.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/ui\/minified\/jquery.ui.draggable.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/ui\/minified\/jquery.ui.position.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/ui\/minified\/jquery.ui.resizable.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/ui\/minified\/jquery.ui.dialog.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/ui\/minified\/jquery.ui.tooltip.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/ui\/minified\/jquery.ui.accordion.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/jquery.bgiframe\/jquery.bgiframe.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/jquery.hoverIntent\/jquery.hoverIntent.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/superfish\/superfish.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/nice_menus\/js\/nice_menus.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/eu_cookie_compliance\/js\/jquery.cookie-1.4.1.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/js\/highwire.equal-heights.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/js\/highwire.panels-ajax-tab.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/colorbox\/jquery.colorbox-min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/js\/colorbox.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/styles\/default\/colorbox_style.js":1,"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_js\/casa.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_log\/highwire_log.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_user\/js\/highwire_user_meta.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels_ajax_tab\/js\/panels_ajax_tab.js":1,"\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/qtip2\/2.2.1\/jquery.qtip.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/highwire_markup_process\/js\/highwire_article_reference_popup.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/highwire_markup_process\/js\/highwire_at_symbol.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/captcha\/captcha.js":1,"misc\/textarea.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/recaptcha\/js\/recaptcha.js":1,"https:\/\/www.google.com\/recaptcha\/api.js?hl=en\u0026render=explicit\u0026onload=drupalRecaptchaOnload":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_citation\/plugins\/content_types\/js\/highwire_citation_export.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/content_types\/js\/minipanel_dialog_link.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/content_types\/js\/highwire_share_dialog.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/content_types\/js\/clipboard.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/content_types\/js\/highwire_clipboard.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/service_links\/js\/twitter_button.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/service_links\/js\/facebook_like.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/service_links\/js\/google_plus_one.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/content_types\/js\/highwire_article_nav.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/content_types\/js\/highwire_nav_float.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/content_types\/js\/highwire_citing_links.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_search\/plugins\/content_types\/js\/highwire_search_similar_articles.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels_accordion\/js\/panels_accordion.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/js\/highwire.article-citation-access.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/js\/highwire.article-citation-author-tooltip.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_responsive\/plugins\/styles\/highwire_responsive_toggle\/highwire_responsive_toggle.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/google_analytics\/googleanalytics.js":1,"https:\/\/www.googletagmanager.com\/gtag\/js?id=G-4CRTLTY8KW":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/js\/theme-scripts.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_responsive\/js\/highwire-mediaqueries.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/enquire.js\/enquire.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/picture\/picturefill2\/picturefill.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/picture\/picture.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/content_types\/js\/highwire_panels_ajax_tab.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/highwire_markup_process\/js\/highwire_openurl.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/highwire_markup_process\/js\/highwire_google_scholar_sprinkle.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/content_types\/js\/highwire_article_trendmd.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_user\/plugins\/content_types\/js\/highwire_user_salutation.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/eu_cookie_compliance\/js\/eu_cookie_compliance.js":1,"http:\/\/securepubads.g.doubleclick.net\/tag\/js\/gpt.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/js\/highwire.gtranslate.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_datalayer\/js\/highwire_datalayer.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/omega\/omega\/js\/jquery.formalize.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/omega\/omega\/js\/omega-mediaqueries.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/omega\/omega\/js\/omega-equalheights.js":1},"css":{"modules\/system\/system.base.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.menus.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.messages.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.theme.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.core.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.theme.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.button.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.resizable.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.dialog.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.tooltip.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.accordion.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/date\/date_api\/date.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/date\/date_popup\/themes\/datepicker.1.7.css":1,"modules\/field\/theme\/field.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_draw\/css\/highwire-draw.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_folders\/highwire_folders.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_responsive\/css\/highwire-responsive.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_saved_searches\/highwire_saved_searches.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_user\/highwire_user.css":1,"modules\/node\/node.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/picture\/picture_wysiwyg.css":1,"modules\/search\/search.css":1,"modules\/user\/user.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/views\/css\/views.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ckeditor\/css\/ckeditor.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/styles\/default\/colorbox_style.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ctools\/css\/ctools.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/google_admanager\/google_admanager.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire.style.highwire.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/css\/nlm-elements.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels\/css\/panels.css":1,"public:\/\/ctools\/css\/263bfdb18936424f0ade19d6bd885f37.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels_ajax_tab\/css\/panels_ajax_tab.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/content_types\/css\/highwire_corrections.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire.style.markup.css":1,"\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/qtip2\/2.2.1\/jquery.qtip.min.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/layouts\/highwire_2col_stacked\/highwire-2col-stacked.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/forward\/forward.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/content_types\/css\/highwire_share_link.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/content_types\/css\/highwire_copy_permalink.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/content_types\/css\/highwire_citing_links.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/plugins\/content_types\/css\/highwire_reports_feed.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/css\/highwire-article-citation-list.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_responsive\/plugins\/styles\/highwire_responsive_toggle\/highwire_responsive_toggle.css.less":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/nice_menus\/css\/nice_menus.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/nice_menus\/css\/nice_menus_default.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels\/plugins\/layouts\/onecol\/onecol.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/eu_cookie_compliance\/css\/eu_cookie_compliance.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/css\/highwire.gtranslate.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_theme_tools\/css\/font-hwicons.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/highwire_theme_tools\/css\/font-hwicons-glyphs.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/eu_cookie_compliance.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/css\/font-awesome-ie7.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/omega\/alpha\/css\/alpha-reset.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/omega\/alpha\/css\/alpha-mobile.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/omega\/alpha\/css\/alpha-alpha.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/omega\/omega\/css\/formalize.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/omega\/omega\/css\/omega-text.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/omega\/omega\/css\/omega-branding.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/omega\/omega\/css\/omega-menu.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/contrib\/omega\/omega\/css\/omega-forms.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/highwire\/highwire\/css\/highwire-forms.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/css\/mobile-reset.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/css\/font-awesome.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/css\/forms.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/css\/global.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/css\/jquery-ui-elements.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/css\/text.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/css\/eletters.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/css\/colors.css.less":1,"ie::normal::sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/css\/jcore-1-jcore-default.css":1,"ie::normal::sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/css\/jcore-1-jcore-default-normal.css":1,"ie::normal::sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/css\/grid\/jcore_default\/normal\/jcore-default-normal-30.css":1,"narrow::sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/css\/jcore-1-jcore-default.css":1,"narrow::sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/css\/jcore-1-jcore-default-narrow.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/css\/grid\/jcore_default\/narrow\/jcore-default-narrow-30.css":1,"normal::sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/css\/jcore-1-jcore-default.css":1,"normal::sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/css\/jcore-1-jcore-default-normal.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/css\/grid\/jcore_default\/normal\/jcore-default-normal-30.css":1,"wide::sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/css\/jcore-1-jcore-default.css":1,"wide::sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/css\/jcore-1-jcore-default-wide.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/highwire\/jcore_1\/css\/grid\/jcore_default\/wide\/jcore-default-wide-30.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/shared\/jnl_ajnr_styles\/css\/jnl-ajnr-styles.css.less":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/shared\/jnl_ajnr_styles\/css\/jnl-ajnr-breakpoints.css.less":1}},"colorbox":{"opacity":"0.85","current":"{current} of {total}","previous":"\u00ab Prev","next":"Next \u00bb","close":"Close","maxWidth":"98%","maxHeight":"98%","fixed":true,"mobiledetect":true,"mobiledevicewidth":"480px"},"highwire":{"markup":[{"requested":"short-text","variant":"abstract","view":"abstract","pisa":"ajnr;23\/2\/180"},{"requested":"short-text","variant":"abstract","view":"abstract","pisa":"ajnr;23\/2\/180"},{"requested":"abstract","variant":"abstract","view":"abstract","pisa":"ajnr;23\/2\/180"},{"requested":"full-text","variant":"full-text","view":"full","pisa":"ajnr;23\/2\/180"}],"nid":"10079","apath":"\/ajnr\/23\/2\/180.atom","pisa":"ajnr;23\/2\/180","ac":{"\/ajnr\/23\/2\/180.atom":{"access":{"full":true,"reprint":true,"abstract":true},"pisa_id":"","apath":"\/ajnr\/23\/2\/180.atom","jcode":"ajnr"},"ajnr;23\/2\/180":{"access":{"full":true},"pisa_id":"ajnr;23\/2\/180","apath":"","jcode":"ajnr"}},"processed":["highwire_math"],"trendmd":{"trendmd-suggestions":"{\u0022element\u0022:\u0022#trendmd-suggestions\u0022,\u0022track_id\u0022:\u0022null\u0022}"},"modal_window_width":"560","share_modal_width":"560","share_modal_title":"Share this Article","dataLayer":"{\u0022page\u0022:{\u0022hwTitle\u0022:\u0022Acute Postischemic Renormalization of the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient of Water is not Associated with Reversal of Astrocytic Swelling and Neuronal Shrinkage in Rats\u0022,\u0022hwUrl\u0022:\u0022http:\\\/\\\/ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org\\\/content\\\/23\\\/2\\\/180\u0022,\u0022hwPath\u0022:\u0022\\\/content\\\/23\\\/2\\\/180.abstract\u0022,\u0022hwType\u0022:\u0022journal page\u0022},\u0022user\u0022:{\u0022hwMemberID\u0022:\u0022\u0022,\u0022hwLoggedIntoInstitutionID\u0022:\u0022\u0022,\u0022hwLoggedIntoInstitution\u0022:\u0022\u0022,\u0022hwAccessUsageTerms\u0022:\u0022guest\u0022,\u0022hwRegisteredUser\u0022:\u0022no\u0022,\u0022hwHasFullTextAccess\u0022:\u0022yes\u0022,\u0022hwEntitled\u0022:\u0022no\u0022},\u0022content\u0022:{\u0022hwIssueDate\u0022:\u00222002-02-01\u0022,\u0022hwIssueDateTime\u0022:\u00222002-02-01 00:00:00\u0022,\u0022hwPublicationDate\u0022:\u00222002-02-01\u0022,\u0022hwPublicationDateTime\u0022:\u00222002-02-01 00:00:00\u0022,\u0022hwNlmArticleType\u0022:\u0022research-article\u0022,\u0022hwDOI\u0022:\u0022\u0022,\u0022hwAuthors\u0022:\u0022Fuhai Li,Kai-Feng Liu,Matthew D. Silva,Xiangjun Meng,Tibo Gerriets,Karl G. Helmer,Joseph D. Fenstermacher,Christopher H. Sotak,Marc Fisher\u0022,\u0022hwContributors\u0022:\u0022\u0022,\u0022hwIsEarlyRelease\u0022:\u0022no\u0022,\u0022hwEissn\u0022:\u00221936-959X\u0022,\u0022hwPissn\u0022:\u00220195-6108\u0022,\u0022hwVolume\u0022:\u002223\u0022,\u0022hwIssue\u0022:\u00222\u0022,\u0022hwArticleType\u0022:\u0022BRAIN\u0022,\u0022hwTabView\u0022:\u0022main_tab\u0022,\u0022hwViewType\u0022:\u0022abstract\u0022,\u0022hwAccessType\u0022:\u0022Free\u0022,\u0022hwOpenAccess\u0022:\u0022no\u0022,\u0022hwFreeAccess\u0022:\u0022yes\u0022,\u0022hwTaxonomy\u0022:\u0022\u0022,\u0022hwCorpusCode\u0022:\u0022ajnr\u0022,\u0022hwType\u0022:\u0022article\u0022,\u0022hwSubtitle\u0022:null,\u0022hwOverline\u0022:null,\u0022hwPisaId\u0022:\u0022ajnr;23\\\/2\\\/180\u0022,\u0022hwFirstPage\u0022:\u0022180\u0022,\u0022hwLastPage\u0022:\u0022188\u0022,\u0022hwIsLatestVersion\u0022:\u0022yes\u0022,\u0022hwIsCurrentIssue\u0022:\u0022no\u0022,\u0022hwIsOpenIssue\u0022:\u0022no\u0022,\u0022hwHasFullText\u0022:\u0022yes\u0022,\u0022hwHasPDF\u0022:\u0022yes\u0022,\u0022hwParentTitle\u0022:\u0022American Journal of Neuroradiology: 23 (2)\u0022,\u0022hwElectronicPubDate\u0022:\u00222002-02-01\u0022,\u0022hwElectronicPubDateTime\u0022:\u00222002-02-01 00:00:00\u0022}}"},"highwire_panel_tabs":[{"panel_name":"jnl_ajnr_tab_pdf","panel_ajax_tab":"jnl_ajnr_tab_pdf"}],"panel_ajax_tab":{"path":"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels_ajax_tab"},"instances":"{\u0022highwire_abstract_tooltip\u0022:{\u0022content\u0022:{\u0022text\u0022:\u0022\u0022},\u0022style\u0022:{\u0022tip\u0022:{\u0022width\u0022:20,\u0022height\u0022:20,\u0022border\u0022:1,\u0022offset\u0022:0,\u0022corner\u0022:true},\u0022classes\u0022:\u0022qtip-custom hw-tooltip hw-abstract-tooltip qtip-shadow qtip-rounded\u0022,\u0022classes_custom\u0022:\u0022hw-tooltip hw-abstract-tooltip\u0022},\u0022position\u0022:{\u0022at\u0022:\u0022right center\u0022,\u0022my\u0022:\u0022left center\u0022,\u0022viewport\u0022:true,\u0022adjust\u0022:{\u0022method\u0022:\u0022shift\u0022}},\u0022show\u0022:{\u0022event\u0022:\u0022mouseenter click \u0022,\u0022solo\u0022:true},\u0022hide\u0022:{\u0022event\u0022:\u0022mouseleave \u0022,\u0022fixed\u0022:1,\u0022delay\u0022:\u0022100\u0022}},\u0022highwire_author_tooltip\u0022:{\u0022content\u0022:{\u0022text\u0022:\u0022\u0022},\u0022style\u0022:{\u0022tip\u0022:{\u0022width\u0022:15,\u0022height\u0022:15,\u0022border\u0022:1,\u0022offset\u0022:0,\u0022corner\u0022:true},\u0022classes\u0022:\u0022qtip-custom hw-tooltip hw-author-tooltip qtip-shadow qtip-rounded\u0022,\u0022classes_custom\u0022:\u0022hw-tooltip hw-author-tooltip\u0022},\u0022position\u0022:{\u0022at\u0022:\u0022top center\u0022,\u0022my\u0022:\u0022bottom center\u0022,\u0022viewport\u0022:true,\u0022adjust\u0022:{\u0022method\u0022:\u0022\u0022}},\u0022show\u0022:{\u0022event\u0022:\u0022mouseenter \u0022,\u0022solo\u0022:true},\u0022hide\u0022:{\u0022event\u0022:\u0022mouseleave \u0022,\u0022fixed\u0022:1,\u0022delay\u0022:\u0022100\u0022}},\u0022highwire_reflinks_tooltip\u0022:{\u0022content\u0022:{\u0022text\u0022:\u0022\u0022},\u0022style\u0022:{\u0022tip\u0022:{\u0022width\u0022:15,\u0022height\u0022:15,\u0022border\u0022:1,\u0022mimic\u0022:\u0022top center\u0022,\u0022offset\u0022:0,\u0022corner\u0022:true},\u0022classes\u0022:\u0022qtip-custom hw-tooltip hw-ref-link-tooltip qtip-shadow qtip-rounded\u0022,\u0022classes_custom\u0022:\u0022hw-tooltip hw-ref-link-tooltip\u0022},\u0022position\u0022:{\u0022at\u0022:\u0022bottom left\u0022,\u0022my\u0022:\u0022top left\u0022,\u0022viewport\u0022:true,\u0022adjust\u0022:{\u0022method\u0022:\u0022flip\u0022}},\u0022show\u0022:{\u0022event\u0022:\u0022mouseenter \u0022,\u0022solo\u0022:true},\u0022hide\u0022:{\u0022event\u0022:\u0022mouseleave \u0022,\u0022fixed\u0022:1,\u0022delay\u0022:\u0022100\u0022}}}","qtipDebug":"{\u0022leaveElement\u0022:0}","urlIsAjaxTrusted":{"\/content\/23\/2\/180.abstract":true},"ws_fl":{"width":100,"height":21},"ws_gpo":{"size":"","annotation":"","lang":"","callback":"","width":300},"highwire_search_similar_articles":{"highwire-search-similar-articles-list-1":{"conf":{"context":"requiredcontext_entity:node_1","override_title":1,"override_title_text":"\u003Ci class=\u0022icon-caret-right\u0022\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E Similar Articles","number_per_page":"5","show_pager":0,"more_link_path":"similar\/articles","more_link":1,"empty_message":"No similar articles are available.","citation_style":"jcore_standard","title_type":"prefer_short","title_as_link":0,"display_subtitle":0,"choose_pubdate":"ppubdate","display_markup_snippet":"","display_original_link":0,"display_access_indicator":0,"display_cme_link":0,"display_access_indicator_text":0,"display_highlight_image":"0","display_variants":0,"display_supplements":0,"display_abstract_tooltip":0,"display_author_tooltip":0,"override_title_heading":"h2","citation_settings_source":"citation_manager","citation_manager_wrapper":{"citation_manager_citation":"jcore_list_title_only"},"corpus_config_wrapper":{"corpus_config_citation_context":[]},"cache_enabled":1,"cache_time":"600","short_title_options":{"char_count":"50","add_ellipsis":0},"access_indicator_settings":{"open_access":{"icon":"icon-unlock","title":"Open Access"},"user_access":{"icon":"icon-ok-sign","title":"You have access"},"no_access":{"icon":"icon-lock","title":"Restricted access"}},"pdf_download":{"display_pdf_download":0,"pdf_download_icon":"icon-cloud-download","pdf_download_text":"PDF"},"include_on_behalf":1,"show_mark_citation":0,"display_infotrieve_link":0,"infotrieve_link_settings":{"icon":"icon-usd","link_caption":"Order full text via Infotrieve"},"highlight_image_style":"","featured_image_variant":"large","featured_image_click_image":"colorbox","display_google_scholar_tooltip":1,"display_pubmed_tooltip":1,"display_advanced_search_tooltip":1,"display_author_landing_page_tooltip":1,"display_orcid_tooltip":0,"display_ads_search_tooltip":0,"display_agricola_tooltip":0,"author_site_search_path":"","display_translations":0,"display_translations_text":"","display_translations_text_icon":"","bundle_overrides_checkboxes":{"highwire_book_fragment":{"selector":0},"highwire_news_story":{"selector":0},"highwire_book_edition":{"selector":0},"highwire_article":{"selector":0},"highwire_issue":{"selector":0},"highwire_comment":{"selector":0},"highwire_fragment":{"selector":0},"highwire_book_section":{"selector":0},"highwire_journal":{"selector":0}},"bundle_overrides":{"highwire_book_fragment":{"selector":0,"citation_style":"jcore_title_and_author","cache_enabled":1,"cache_time":"600","title_type":"full","short_title_options":{"char_count":"50","add_ellipsis":0},"title_as_link":0,"display_subtitle":0,"choose_pubdate":"ppubdate","display_markup_snippet":"","highlight_image_toggle":0,"display_original_link":0,"display_access_indicator":"0","access_indicator_settings":{"open_access":{"icon":"icon-unlock","title":"Open Access"},"user_access":{"icon":"icon-ok-sign","title":"You have access"},"no_access":{"icon":"icon-lock","title":"Restricted access"}},"display_variants":0,"display_supplements":0,"pdf_download":{"display_pdf_download":0,"pdf_download_icon":"icon-cloud-download","pdf_download_text":"PDF"},"include_on_behalf":1,"cpath_prefix":"\/content","show_mark_citation":0,"display_infotrieve_link":0,"infotrieve_link_settings":{"icon":"icon-usd","link_caption":"Order full text via Infotrieve"},"display_highlight_image":0,"highlight_image_style":"thumbnail","display_fragment_caption":1,"display_parent_citation":1,"parent_citation_type":"highwire_book_section","parent_citation_settings":{"citation_style":"folio_book_sections_standard","cache_enabled":1,"cache_time":"600","title_type":"full","short_title_options":{"char_count":"50","add_ellipsis":0},"title_as_link":0,"display_subtitle":0,"choose_pubdate":"ppubdate","display_markup_snippet":"","highlight_image_toggle":0,"display_original_link":0,"display_access_indicator":0,"access_indicator_settings":{"open_access":{"icon":"icon-unlock","title":"Open Access"},"user_access":{"icon":"icon-ok-sign","title":"You have access"},"no_access":{"icon":"icon-lock","title":"Restricted access"}},"display_variants":0,"display_supplements":0,"pdf_download":{"display_pdf_download":0,"pdf_download_icon":"icon-cloud-download","pdf_download_text":"PDF"},"include_on_behalf":1,"cpath_prefix":"\/content","show_mark_citation":0,"display_infotrieve_link":0,"infotrieve_link_settings":{"icon":"icon-usd","link_caption":"Order full text via Infotrieve"},"display_highlight_image":0,"highlight_image_style":"","display_abstract_tooltip":0,"display_author_tooltip":0,"display_google_scholar_tooltip":1,"display_pubmed_tooltip":1,"display_advanced_search_tooltip":1,"display_author_landing_page_tooltip":0,"author_site_search_path":"search\/"}},"highwire_news_story":{"selector":0,"citation_style":"mla","cache_enabled":1,"cache_time":"600","title_type":"full","short_title_options":{"char_count":"50","add_ellipsis":0},"title_as_link":0,"display_subtitle":0,"choose_pubdate":"ppubdate","display_markup_snippet":"","highlight_image_toggle":0,"display_original_link":0,"display_access_indicator":0,"access_indicator_settings":{"open_access":{"icon":"icon-unlock","title":"Open Access"},"user_access":{"icon":"icon-ok-sign","title":"You have access"},"no_access":{"icon":"icon-lock","title":"Restricted access"}},"display_variants":0,"display_supplements":0,"pdf_download":{"display_pdf_download":0,"pdf_download_icon":"icon-cloud-download","pdf_download_text":"PDF"},"include_on_behalf":1,"cpath_prefix":"\/content","show_mark_citation":0,"display_infotrieve_link":0,"infotrieve_link_settings":{"icon":"icon-usd","link_caption":"Order full text via Infotrieve"},"display_highlight_image":"0","highlight_image_style":"","featured_image_click_image":"nothing","display_author_tooltip":0,"display_google_scholar_tooltip":0,"display_pubmed_tooltip":0,"display_advanced_search_tooltip":0},"highwire_book_edition":{"selector":0,"citation_style":"folio_books_standard","cache_enabled":1,"cache_time":"600","title_type":"full","short_title_options":{"char_count":"50","add_ellipsis":0},"title_as_link":0,"display_subtitle":0,"choose_pubdate":"ppubdate","display_markup_snippet":"","highlight_image_toggle":0,"display_original_link":0,"display_access_indicator":0,"access_indicator_settings":{"open_access":{"icon":"icon-unlock","title":"Open Access"},"user_access":{"icon":"icon-ok-sign","title":"You have access"},"no_access":{"icon":"icon-lock","title":"Restricted access"}},"display_variants":0,"display_supplements":0,"pdf_download":{"display_pdf_download":0,"pdf_download_icon":"icon-cloud-download","pdf_download_text":"PDF"},"include_on_behalf":1,"cpath_prefix":"\/content","show_mark_citation":0,"display_infotrieve_link":0,"infotrieve_link_settings":{"icon":"icon-usd","link_caption":"Order full text via Infotrieve"},"display_highlight_image":0,"highlight_image_style":"","display_author_tooltip":0,"display_google_scholar_tooltip":1,"display_pubmed_tooltip":1,"display_advanced_search_tooltip":1,"display_author_landing_page_tooltip":1,"display_orcid_tooltip":1,"author_site_search_path":"search\/"},"highwire_article":{"selector":0,"citation_style":"mla","cache_enabled":1,"cache_time":"600","title_type":"full","short_title_options":{"char_count":"50","add_ellipsis":0},"title_as_link":0,"display_subtitle":0,"choose_pubdate":"ppubdate","display_markup_snippet":"","highlight_image_toggle":0,"display_original_link":0,"display_access_indicator":0,"access_indicator_settings":{"open_access":{"icon":"icon-unlock","title":"Open Access"},"user_access":{"icon":"icon-ok-sign","title":"You have access"},"no_access":{"icon":"icon-lock","title":"Restricted access"}},"display_variants":0,"display_supplements":0,"pdf_download":{"display_pdf_download":0,"pdf_download_icon":"icon-cloud-download","pdf_download_text":"PDF"},"include_on_behalf":0,"cpath_prefix":"\/content","show_mark_citation":0,"display_infotrieve_link":0,"infotrieve_link_settings":{"icon":"icon-usd","link_caption":"Order full text via Infotrieve"},"display_highlight_image":"0","highlight_image_style":"","featured_image_variant":"large","featured_image_click_image":"nothing","display_cme_link":0,"display_abstract_tooltip":0,"display_author_tooltip":0,"display_google_scholar_tooltip":1,"display_pubmed_tooltip":1,"display_advanced_search_tooltip":1,"display_author_landing_page_tooltip":1,"display_orcid_tooltip":1,"display_ads_search_tooltip":0,"display_agricola_tooltip":0,"author_site_search_path":"search\/","display_translations":0,"display_translations_text":"Translations Available","display_translations_text_icon":"icon-globe"},"highwire_issue":{"selector":0,"citation_style":"mla","cache_enabled":1,"cache_time":"600","title_type":"full","short_title_options":{"char_count":"50","add_ellipsis":0},"title_as_link":0,"display_subtitle":0,"choose_pubdate":"ppubdate","display_markup_snippet":"","highlight_image_toggle":0,"display_original_link":0,"display_access_indicator":0,"access_indicator_settings":{"open_access":{"icon":"icon-unlock","title":"Open Access"},"user_access":{"icon":"icon-ok-sign","title":"You have access"},"no_access":{"icon":"icon-lock","title":"Restricted access"}},"display_variants":0,"display_supplements":0,"pdf_download":{"display_pdf_download":0,"pdf_download_icon":"icon-cloud-download","pdf_download_text":"PDF"},"include_on_behalf":1,"cpath_prefix":"\/content","show_mark_citation":0,"display_infotrieve_link":0,"infotrieve_link_settings":{"icon":"icon-usd","link_caption":"Order full text via Infotrieve"},"display_highlight_image":0,"highlight_image_style":"","featured_image_click_image":"nothing","display_author_tooltip":0,"display_google_scholar_tooltip":1,"display_pubmed_tooltip":1,"display_advanced_search_tooltip":1,"display_author_landing_page_tooltip":0,"display_orcid_tooltip":1,"author_site_search_path":"search\/"},"highwire_comment":{"selector":0,"citation_style":"highwire_comment","show_title":0,"title_as_link":0,"title_as_link_type":"tab_view","author_format_type":"fullname","author_format_custom":"","author_list_separator":", ","date_format":"(j F Y)","display_comment_body":1,"display_attachment":1,"display_conflict_of_interest":1},"highwire_fragment":{"selector":0,"citation_style":"jcore_title_and_author","cache_enabled":1,"cache_time":"600","title_type":"full","short_title_options":{"char_count":"50","add_ellipsis":0},"title_as_link":0,"display_subtitle":0,"choose_pubdate":"ppubdate","display_markup_snippet":"","highlight_image_toggle":0,"display_original_link":0,"display_access_indicator":"0","access_indicator_settings":{"open_access":{"icon":"icon-unlock","title":"Open Access"},"user_access":{"icon":"icon-ok-sign","title":"You have access"},"no_access":{"icon":"icon-lock","title":"Restricted access"}},"display_variants":0,"display_supplements":0,"pdf_download":{"display_pdf_download":0,"pdf_download_icon":"icon-cloud-download","pdf_download_text":"PDF"},"include_on_behalf":1,"cpath_prefix":"\/content","show_mark_citation":0,"display_infotrieve_link":0,"infotrieve_link_settings":{"icon":"icon-usd","link_caption":"Order full text via Infotrieve"},"display_highlight_image":0,"highlight_image_style":"","display_fragment_caption":1,"fragment_image_settings":{"fragment_image_variant":"medium","fragment_click_image":"colorbox","show_download_links":1},"display_parent_citation":1,"parent_citation_type":"highwire_article","parent_citation_settings":{"citation_style":"mla","cache_enabled":1,"cache_time":"600","title_type":"full","short_title_options":{"char_count":"50","add_ellipsis":0},"title_as_link":0,"display_subtitle":0,"choose_pubdate":"ppubdate","display_markup_snippet":"","highlight_image_toggle":0,"display_original_link":0,"display_access_indicator":0,"access_indicator_settings":{"open_access":{"icon":"icon-unlock","title":"Open Access"},"user_access":{"icon":"icon-ok-sign","title":"You have access"},"no_access":{"icon":"icon-lock","title":"Restricted access"}},"display_variants":0,"display_supplements":0,"pdf_download":{"display_pdf_download":0,"pdf_download_icon":"icon-cloud-download","pdf_download_text":"PDF"},"include_on_behalf":0,"cpath_prefix":"\/content","show_mark_citation":0,"display_infotrieve_link":0,"infotrieve_link_settings":{"icon":"icon-usd","link_caption":"Order full text via Infotrieve"},"display_highlight_image":"0","highlight_image_style":"","featured_image_variant":"large","featured_image_click_image":"nothing","display_cme_link":0,"display_abstract_tooltip":0,"display_author_tooltip":0,"display_google_scholar_tooltip":1,"display_pubmed_tooltip":1,"display_advanced_search_tooltip":1,"display_author_landing_page_tooltip":1,"display_orcid_tooltip":1,"display_ads_search_tooltip":0,"display_agricola_tooltip":0,"author_site_search_path":"search\/","display_translations":0,"display_translations_text":"Translations Available","display_translations_text_icon":"icon-globe"}},"highwire_book_section":{"selector":0,"citation_style":"folio_book_sections_standard","cache_enabled":1,"cache_time":"600","title_type":"full","short_title_options":{"char_count":"50","add_ellipsis":0},"title_as_link":0,"display_subtitle":0,"choose_pubdate":"ppubdate","display_markup_snippet":"","highlight_image_toggle":0,"display_original_link":0,"display_access_indicator":0,"access_indicator_settings":{"open_access":{"icon":"icon-unlock","title":"Open Access"},"user_access":{"icon":"icon-ok-sign","title":"You have access"},"no_access":{"icon":"icon-lock","title":"Restricted access"}},"display_variants":0,"display_supplements":0,"pdf_download":{"display_pdf_download":0,"pdf_download_icon":"icon-cloud-download","pdf_download_text":"PDF"},"include_on_behalf":1,"cpath_prefix":"\/content","show_mark_citation":0,"display_infotrieve_link":0,"infotrieve_link_settings":{"icon":"icon-usd","link_caption":"Order full text via Infotrieve"},"display_highlight_image":0,"highlight_image_style":"","display_abstract_tooltip":0,"display_author_tooltip":0,"display_google_scholar_tooltip":1,"display_pubmed_tooltip":1,"display_advanced_search_tooltip":1,"display_author_landing_page_tooltip":0,"author_site_search_path":"search\/"},"highwire_journal":{"selector":0,"citation_style":"mla","cache_enabled":1,"cache_time":"600","title_type":"full","short_title_options":{"char_count":"50","add_ellipsis":0},"title_as_link":0,"display_subtitle":0,"choose_pubdate":"ppubdate","display_markup_snippet":"","highlight_image_toggle":0,"display_original_link":0,"display_access_indicator":0,"access_indicator_settings":{"open_access":{"icon":"icon-unlock","title":"Open Access"},"user_access":{"icon":"icon-ok-sign","title":"You have access"},"no_access":{"icon":"icon-lock","title":"Restricted access"}},"display_variants":0,"display_supplements":0,"pdf_download":{"display_pdf_download":0,"pdf_download_icon":"icon-cloud-download","pdf_download_text":"PDF"},"include_on_behalf":1,"cpath_prefix":"\/content","show_mark_citation":0,"display_infotrieve_link":0,"infotrieve_link_settings":{"icon":"icon-usd","link_caption":"Order full text via Infotrieve"},"display_highlight_image":0,"highlight_image_style":"","display_author_tooltip":0,"display_google_scholar_tooltip":1,"display_pubmed_tooltip":1,"display_advanced_search_tooltip":1,"display_author_landing_page_tooltip":0,"display_orcid_tooltip":1,"author_site_search_path":"search\/"}},"cpath_prefix":"\/content","ajax_loading_icon_classes":"icon-spinner icon-spin icon-2x","ajax_loading_text":"","highlight_image_toggle":0,"more_link_label":"See more","url_parameters":{"q":"node\/10079","variant":"abstract"}},"nid":"10079"}},"panels_accordion":{"highwire_article_accordion_container":{"heightStyle":"content","autoHeight":false,"collapsible":0,"region_accordion_id":"highwire_article_accordion_container","active":0,"animated":"slide"}},"color":{"logo":"http:\/\/ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org\/sites\/default\/files\/ajnr-web-logo_0.png"},"nice_menus_options":{"delay":800,"speed":"fast"},"highwireResponsive":{"enquire_enabled":1,"breakpoints_configured":1,"breakpoints":{"zero":"all and (min-width: 0px)","xsmall":"all and (min-width: 380px)","narrow":"all and (min-width: 768px) and (min-device-width: 768px), (max-device-width: 800px) and (min-width: 768px) and (orientation:landscape)","normal":"all and (min-width: 980px) and (min-device-width: 980px), all and (max-device-width: 1024px) and (min-width: 1024px) and (orientation:landscape)","wide":"all and (min-width: 1220px)"}},"eu_cookie_compliance":{"popup_enabled":1,"popup_agreed_enabled":0,"popup_hide_agreed":false,"popup_clicking_confirmation":true,"popup_scrolling_confirmation":false,"popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cp\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience. By clicking any link on this page you are giving your consent for us to set cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 role=\u0022dialog\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022Continue\u0022\n        class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button\u0022\u003EContinue\u003C\/button\u003E\n                  \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 role=\u0022dialog\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022Find out more\u0022\n        class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button\u0022\u003EFind out more\u003C\/button\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","use_mobile_message":false,"mobile_popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 role=\u0022dialog\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022Continue\u0022\n        class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button\u0022\u003EContinue\u003C\/button\u003E\n                  \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 role=\u0022dialog\u0022 aria-labelledby=\u0022Find out more\u0022\n        class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button\u0022\u003EFind out more\u003C\/button\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","mobile_breakpoint":"768","popup_html_agreed":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content agreed\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cp\u003EThank you for accepting cookies. You can now hide this message or find out more about cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022hide-popup-button eu-cookie-compliance-hide-button\u0022\u003EHide\u003C\/button\u003E\n              \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022find-more-button eu-cookie-compliance-more-button-thank-you\u0022 \u003EFind out more\u003C\/button\u003E\n          \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","popup_use_bare_css":false,"popup_height":"auto","popup_width":"100%","popup_delay":1000,"popup_link":"\/help\/cookie-policy","popup_link_new_window":1,"popup_position":null,"popup_language":"en","store_consent":false,"better_support_for_screen_readers":0,"reload_page":0,"domain":"","popup_eu_only_js":0,"cookie_lifetime":365,"cookie_session":false,"disagree_do_not_show_popup":0,"method":"default","whitelisted_cookies":"","withdraw_markup":"\u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-tab\u0022\u003EPrivacy settings\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-banner\u0022\u003E\n  \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info\u0022\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cp\u003E\u0026lt;h2\u0026gt;We use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u0026lt;\/h2\u0026gt;\u0026lt;p\u0026gt;You have given your consent for us to set cookies.\u0026lt;\/p\u0026gt;\u003C\/p\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n    \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022\u003E\n      \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button\u0022\u003EWithdraw consent\u003C\/button\u003E\n    \u003C\/div\u003E\n  \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n","withdraw_enabled":false},"googleanalytics":{"account":["G-4CRTLTY8KW"],"trackOutbound":1,"trackMailto":1,"trackDownload":1,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|z|zip","trackColorbox":1},"omega":{"layouts":{"primary":"normal","order":["narrow","normal","wide"],"queries":{"narrow":"all and (min-width: 768px) and (min-device-width: 768px), (max-device-width: 800px) and (min-width: 768px) and (orientation:landscape)","normal":"all and (min-width: 980px) and (min-device-width: 980px), all and (max-device-width: 1024px) and (min-width: 1024px) and (orientation:landscape)","wide":"all and (min-width: 1220px)"}}}});
//--><!]]>
</script>
    <!--[if lt IE 9]><script src="http://html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script><![endif]-->
  </head>
  <body class="html not-front not-logged-in page-node page-node- page-node-10079 node-type-highwire-article context-content hw-default-jcode-ajnr hw-article-type-research-article hw-article-category-brain">
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
<noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MXP45WNH" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<script type="text/javascript">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];var j=d.createElement(s);var dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.src='//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;j.type='text/javascript';j.async=true;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MXP45WNH');</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
    <div id="skip-link">
      <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a>
    </div>
    <div class="region region-page-top" id="region-page-top">
  <div class="region-inner region-page-top-inner">
      </div>
</div>    <div class="page clearfix footer-borders panels-page panels-layout-jcore_2col" id="page">
      <header id="section-header" class="section section-header">
  <div id="zone-advertising-top-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-advertising-top-wrapper clearfix">  
  <div id="zone-advertising-top" class="zone zone-advertising-top clearfix container-30">
    <div class="grid-28 suffix-1 prefix-1 region region-ad-top" id="region-ad-top">
  <div class="region-inner region-ad-top-inner">
    <div class="block block-panels-mini mobile-hiddens rtecenter block-jnl-ajnr-ad-leaderboard block-panels-mini-jnl-ajnr-ad-leaderboard odd block-without-title" id="block-panels-mini-jnl-ajnr-ad-leaderboard">
  <div class="block-inner clearfix">
                
    <div class="content clearfix">
      <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-jnl_ajnr_ad_leaderboard">
  <div class="panel-panel panel-col">
    <div><div class="panel-pane pane-dfp-pane text-center" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div id="dfp-ad-top_leaderboard-wrapper" class="dfp-tag-wrapper">
<div class="slug">Advertisement</div>
<div  id="dfp-ad-top_leaderboard" class="dfp-tag-wrapper">
  <script type="text/javascript">
    googletag.cmd.push(function() {
      googletag.display("dfp-ad-top_leaderboard");
    });
  </script>
</div>
</div>  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
  </div>
</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>  </div>
</div>  </div>
</div><div id="zone-superheader-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-superheader-wrapper clearfix mobile-only print-hidden">  
  <div id="zone-superheader" class="zone zone-superheader clearfix mobile-only print-hidden container-30">
    <div class="grid-30 region region-superheader" id="region-superheader">
  <div class="region-inner region-superheader-inner">
    <div class="block block-panels-mini block-responsive-menu block-panels-mini-responsive-menu odd block-without-title" id="block-panels-mini-responsive-menu">
  <div class="block-inner clearfix">
                
    <div class="content clearfix">
      <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-responsive_menu">
  <div class="panel-panel panel-col">
    <div><div id="unique-id3" class="highwire-responsive-toggle-group"><div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-responsive-menu-main-menu" >
  
        <h2 class="pane-title"><span class="icon-reorder"></span><span class="element-invisible">Main menu</span></h2>
    
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-responsive_menu_main_menu">
  <div class="panel-panel panel-col">
    <div><div class="panel-pane pane-menu-tree pane-main-menu" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-ctools-main-menu-1 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-main-menu:0 menu-level-1">
  <nav class="menubar-nav"><ul class="menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-772" role="menuitem"><a href="/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Home</a></li>
<li class="expanded active-trail menu-mlid-773" role="menuitem"><a href="/content/current" data-hide-link-title="0" class="active active-trail" data-icon-position="">Content</a><nav class="menubar-nav"><ul class="menu" role="menu"><li class="first expanded menu-mlid-774" role="menuitem"><a href="/content/current" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Current Issue</a></li>
<li class="leaf menu-mlid-1747" role="menuitem"><a href="/content/early/preprint" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Publication Preview--Preprint</a></li>
<li class="leaf menu-mlid-775" role="menuitem"><a href="/content/early/recent" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Publication Preview--Ahead of Print</a></li>
<li class="leaf menu-mlid-776" role="menuitem"><a href="/content/by/year" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Past Issue Archive</a></li>
<li class="leaf menu-mlid-900" role="menuitem"><a href="/cow/by/year" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Case of the Week Archive</a></li>
<li class="leaf menu-mlid-1006" role="menuitem"><a href="/cc/by/year" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Classic Case Archive</a></li>
<li class="leaf menu-mlid-901" role="menuitem"><a href="/com/by/year" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Case of the Month Archive</a></li>
<li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1334" role="menuitem"><a href="http://www.ajnr.org/content/covid-19-content-and-resources" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">COVID-19 Content and Resources</a></li>
</ul></nav></li>
<li class="expanded menu-mlid-784" role="menuitem"><a href="/content/about-us" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">About Us</a><nav class="menubar-nav"><ul class="menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-785" role="menuitem"><a href="/page/content/About" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">About AJNR</a></li>
<li class="leaf menu-mlid-899" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.ajnr.org/page/content/Ed-Board" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Editorial Board</a></li>
<li class="last leaf menu-mlid-864" role="menuitem"><a href="http://www.asnr.org" data-hide-link-title="0" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="">American Society of Neuroradiology</a></li>
</ul></nav></li>
<li class="expanded menu-mlid-1746" role="menuitem"><a href="/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">For Authors</a><nav class="menubar-nav"><ul class="menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-1725" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.ajnr.org/content/author-policies" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Author Policies</a></li>
<li class="leaf menu-mlid-1856" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.ajnr.org/preprint_publishing" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Preprint Publishing</a></li>
<li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1726" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.ajnr.org/content/manuscript-submission-guidelines" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Manuscript Submission Guidelines</a></li>
</ul></nav></li>
<li class="leaf menu-mlid-862" role="menuitem"><a href="https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ajnr" data-hide-link-title="0" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="">Submit a Manuscript</a></li>
<li class="expanded menu-mlid-1184" role="menuitem"><a href="/content/about-us" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Special Collections</a><nav class="menubar-nav"><ul class="menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-1733" role="menuitem"><a href="http://www.ajnr.org/cc/CSF-Spinal-Leak" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Spinal CSF Leak Articles (Jan 2020-June 2024)</a></li>
<li class="leaf menu-mlid-1185" role="menuitem"><a href="http://www.ajnr.org/cc/most-impactful-ajnr-articles" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Most Impactful AJNR Articles</a></li>
<li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1896" role="menuitem"><a href="http://www.ajnr.org/cc/2024-Awards" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">2024 AJNR Journal Awards</a></li>
</ul></nav></li>
<li class="last expanded menu-mlid-788" role="menuitem"><a href="/content/advertising" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">More</a><nav class="menubar-nav"><ul class="menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-780" role="menuitem"><a href="/content/subscriber-help-and-services" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Subscribers</a></li>
<li class="leaf menu-mlid-863" role="menuitem"><a href="https://marketplace.copyright.com/rs-ui-web/mp/details/journal/122810747" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Permissions</a></li>
<li class="leaf menu-mlid-782" role="menuitem"><a href="/page/content/Ads" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Advertisers</a></li>
<li class="leaf menu-mlid-790" role="menuitem"><a href="/alerts" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Alerts</a></li>
<li class="last leaf menu-mlid-791" role="menuitem"><a href="/feedback" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Feedback</a></li>
</ul></nav></li>
</ul></nav></div>
  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
  </div>
</div>
  </div>

  
  </div>
<div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-responsive-menu-user-menu" >
  
        <h2 class="pane-title"><span class="icon-gear"></span><span class="element-invisible">User menu</span></h2>
    
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-responsive_menu_user_menu">
  <div class="panel-panel panel-col">
    <div><div class="panel-pane pane-menu-tree pane-user-menu" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-ctools-user-menu-1 menu-name-user-menu parent-mlid-user-menu:0 menu-level-1">
  <nav class="menubar-nav"><ul class="menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-801" role="menuitem"><a href="/content/subscriber-help-and-services" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Subscribe</a></li>
<li class="leaf menu-mlid-802" role="menuitem"><a href="/alerts" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Alerts</a></li>
<li class="leaf menu-mlid-803" role="menuitem"><a href="/user/login?destination=/content/23/2/180%3Fvariant%3Dabstract" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Log in</a></li>
<li class="last leaf menu-mlid-17" role="menuitem"><a href="/user/logout?current=node/10079" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Log out</a></li>
</ul></nav></div>
  </div>

  
  </div>
<div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-user-identities" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="highwire-user-message" data-separator="|"><span class="highwire-user-institution" data-id-type="institution" data-identity="a%3A2%3A%7Bs%3A4%3A%22show%22%3Bi%3A1%3Bs%3A7%3A%22message%22%3Bs%3A50%3A%22Institution%3A%20%5Bidentity%3Ainstitutional_display_name%5D%22%3B%7D"></span></div>  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
  </div>
</div>
  </div>

  
  </div>
<div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-responsive-menu-search" >
  
        <h2 class="pane-title"><span class="icon-search"></span><span class="element-invisible">Search</span></h2>
    
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-responsive_menu_search">
  <div class="panel-panel panel-col">
    <div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-seach-qsearch-nocontext" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <form class="highwire-quicksearch button-style-mini button-style-mini" action="/content/23/2/180.abstract" method="post" id="highwire-search-qsearch-nocontext-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="form-item form-item-label-invisible form-type-textfield form-item-keywords">
  <label class="element-invisible" for="quick_search_header_keywords_357008105">Search for this keyword </label>
 <input placeholder="Search..." type="text" id="quick_search_header_keywords_357008105" name="keywords" value="" size="60" maxlength="128" class="form-text" />
</div>
<div class="button-wrapper button-mini"><span class="icon-search"></span><input data-icon-only="1" data-font-icon="icon-search" data-icon-position="after" type="submit" id="quick_search_header_submit_1577681453" name="op" value="Search" class="form-submit" /></div><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-wFktn6aDijdIdYYTfur2ZdltNVDT1sLOiTLSFOEPGaU" />
<input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="highwire_search_qsearch_nocontext_form" />
</div></form>  </div>

  
  </div>
<div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-custom pane-1 highwire-responsive-advanced-search-link pane-menu-tree" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <ul class="menu">
  <li><a href="/search" title="Advanced search">Advanced search</a></li>
  </ul>  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
  </div>
</div>
  </div>

  
  </div>
</div></div>
  </div>
</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div><div class="block block-panels-mini block-hw-small-logo block-panels-mini-hw-small-logo even block-without-title" id="block-panels-mini-hw-small-logo">
  <div class="block-inner clearfix">
                
    <div class="content clearfix">
      <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-hw_small_logo">
  <div class="panel-panel panel-col">
    <div><div class="panel-pane pane-small-logo" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <a href="/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><img src="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/sites/default/files/ajnr-logo.png" alt="American Journal of Neuroradiology" title="American Journal of Neuroradiology" /></a>  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
  </div>
</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>  </div>
</div>  </div>
</div><div id="zone-user-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-user-wrapper clearfix mobile-hidden print-hidden">  
  <div id="zone-user" class="zone zone-user clearfix equal-height-container mobile-hidden print-hidden container-30">    
  	    <div class="grid-30 region region-user-second equal-height-element" id="region-user-second">
  <div class="region-inner region-user-second-inner">
    <div class="block block-panels-mini text-right no-margin-bottom block-jnl-ajnr-uid-strng block-panels-mini-jnl-ajnr-uid-strng odd block-without-title" id="block-panels-mini-jnl-ajnr-uid-strng">
  <div class="block-inner clearfix">
                
    <div class="content clearfix">
      <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-jnl_ajnr_uid_strng">
  <div class="panel-panel panel-col">
    <div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-user-identities" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="highwire-user-message" data-separator=" | "><span class="highwire-user-institution" data-id-type="institution" data-identity="a%3A2%3A%7Bs%3A4%3A%22show%22%3Bi%3A1%3Bs%3A7%3A%22message%22%3Bs%3A85%3A%22%3Cspan%20class%3D%22narrow-hidden%22%3EInstitution%3A%20%3C%2Fspan%3E%5Bidentity%3Ainstitutional_display_name%5D%22%3B%7D"></span></div>  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
  </div>
</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>  </div>
</div>  </div>
</div>  
  <div id="zone-branding" class="zone zone-branding clearfix mobile-hidden print-display-block container-30">
    <div class="grid-19 prefix-1 region region-branding print-display-block" id="region-branding">
  <div class="region-inner region-branding-inner">
        <div class="branding-data clearfix">
            <div class="logo-img">
        <a href="/" rel="home" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><img alt="American Journal of Neuroradiology" src="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/sites/default/files/ajnr-web-logo_0.png" /></a>      </div>
                        <hgroup class="site-name-slogan element-invisible">        
                                <h2 class="site-name element-invisible"><a href="/" title="Home" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">American Journal of Neuroradiology</a></h2>
                              </hgroup>
          </div>
          </div>
</div><div class="grid-9 suffix-1 region region-branding-second print-hidden" id="region-branding-second">
  <div class="region-inner region-branding-second-inner">
    <div class="block block-panels-mini text-right no-margin-bottom block-jnl-ajnr-user-menu block-panels-mini-jnl-ajnr-user-menu odd block-without-title" id="block-panels-mini-jnl-ajnr-user-menu">
  <div class="block-inner clearfix">
                
    <div class="content clearfix">
      <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-jnl_ajnr_user_menu">
  <div class="panel-panel panel-col">
    <div><div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-system-user-menu links inline pane-system" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <nav class="menubar-nav"><ul class="menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="menuitem"><a href="/content/subscriber-help-and-services" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Subscribe</a></li>
<li class="leaf" role="menuitem"><a href="/alerts" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Alerts</a></li>
<li class="leaf" role="menuitem"><a href="/user/login?destination=/content/23/2/180%3Fvariant%3Dabstract" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Log in</a></li>
<li class="last leaf" role="menuitem"><a href="/user/logout?current=node/10079" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Log out</a></li>
</ul></nav>  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
  </div>
</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div><div class="block block-panels-mini block-jnl-ajnr-search-box block-panels-mini-jnl-ajnr-search-box even block-without-title" id="block-panels-mini-jnl-ajnr-search-box">
  <div class="block-inner clearfix">
                
    <div class="content clearfix">
      <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-jnl_ajnr_search_box">
  <div class="panel-panel panel-col">
    <div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-seach-quicksearch no-margin-bottom" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <form class="highwire-quicksearch button-style-mini button-style-mini" action="/content/23/2/180.abstract" method="post" id="highwire-search-quicksearch-form-0" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="form-item form-item-label-invisible form-type-textfield form-item-keywords">
  <label class="element-invisible" for="search_rightsidebar_keywords_263264591">Search for this keyword </label>
 <input placeholder="search" type="text" id="search_rightsidebar_keywords_263264591" name="keywords" value="" size="60" maxlength="128" class="form-text" />
</div>
<div class="button-wrapper button-mini"><span class="icon-search"></span><input data-icon-only="1" data-font-icon="icon-search" data-icon-position="after" type="submit" id="search_rightsidebar_submit_1330200539" name="op" value="Search" class="form-submit" /></div><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-Nfp3kgPJTOyHYWpBX9VoH0N1UHQtb8_5TsCNoNGxbZU" />
<input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="highwire_search_quicksearch_form_0" />
</div></form>  </div>

  
  </div>
<div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-custom pane-2" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <p><a href="/search">Advanced Search</a></p>  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
  </div>
</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>  </div>
</div>  </div>
  
  <div id="zone-menu" class="zone zone-menu clearfix mobile-hidden container-30">
    <div class="grid-28 suffix-1 prefix-1 region region-menu region-menu-bg-opaque region-menu-no-border" id="region-menu">
  <div class="region-inner region-menu-inner">
        <div class="block block-nice-menus block-1 block-nice-menus-1 odd block-without-title" id="block-nice-menus-1">
  <div class="block-inner clearfix">
                
    <div class="content clearfix">
      <nav class="menubar-nav"><ul class="nice-menu nice-menu-down nice-menu-main-menu" id="nice-menu-1" role="menu"><li class="menu-772 menu-path-front first odd " role="menuitem"><a href="/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Home</a></li>
<li class="menu-773 menuparent  menu-path-content-current active-trail  even " role="menuitem"><a href="/content/current" data-hide-link-title="0" class="active" data-icon-position="">Content</a><ul role="menu"><li class="menu-774 menu-path-content-current first odd " role="menuitem"><a href="/content/current" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Current Issue</a></li>
<li class="menu-1747 menu-path-content-early-preprint  even " role="menuitem"><a href="/content/early/preprint" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Publication Preview--Preprint</a></li>
<li class="menu-775 menu-path-content-early-recent  odd " role="menuitem"><a href="/content/early/recent" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Publication Preview--Ahead of Print</a></li>
<li class="menu-776 menu-path-content-by-year  even " role="menuitem"><a href="/content/by/year" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Past Issue Archive</a></li>
<li class="menu-900 menu-path-cow-by-year  odd " role="menuitem"><a href="/cow/by/year" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Case of the Week Archive</a></li>
<li class="menu-1006 menu-path-cc-by-year  even " role="menuitem"><a href="/cc/by/year" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Classic Case Archive</a></li>
<li class="menu-901 menu-path-com-by-year  odd " role="menuitem"><a href="/com/by/year" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Case of the Month Archive</a></li>
<li class="menu-1334 menu-path-ajnrorg-content-covid-19-content-and-resources  even last" role="menuitem"><a href="http://www.ajnr.org/content/covid-19-content-and-resources" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">COVID-19 Content and Resources</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="menu-784 menuparent  menu-path-node-7  odd " role="menuitem"><a href="/content/about-us" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">About Us</a><ul role="menu"><li class="menu-785 menu-path-node-935 first odd " role="menuitem"><a href="/page/content/About" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">About AJNR</a></li>
<li class="menu-899 menu-path-sajnrorg-page-content-ed-board  even " role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.ajnr.org/page/content/Ed-Board" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Editorial Board</a></li>
<li class="menu-864 menu-path-asnrorg  odd last" role="menuitem"><a href="http://www.asnr.org" data-hide-link-title="0" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="">American Society of Neuroradiology</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="menu-1746 menuparent  menu-path-front  even " role="menuitem"><a href="/" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">For Authors</a><ul role="menu"><li class="menu-1725 menu-path-sajnrorg-content-author-policies first odd " role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.ajnr.org/content/author-policies" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Author Policies</a></li>
<li class="menu-1856 menu-path-sajnrorg-preprint-publishing  even " role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.ajnr.org/preprint_publishing" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Preprint Publishing</a></li>
<li class="menu-1726 menu-path-sajnrorg-content-manuscript-submission-guidelines  odd last" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.ajnr.org/content/manuscript-submission-guidelines" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Manuscript Submission Guidelines</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="menu-862 menu-path-smcmanuscriptcentralcom-ajnr  odd " role="menuitem"><a href="https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ajnr" data-hide-link-title="0" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="">Submit a Manuscript</a></li>
<li class="menu-1184 menuparent  menu-path-node-7  even " role="menuitem"><a href="/content/about-us" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Special Collections</a><ul role="menu"><li class="menu-1733 menu-path-ajnrorg-cc-csf-spinal-leak first odd " role="menuitem"><a href="http://www.ajnr.org/cc/CSF-Spinal-Leak" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Spinal CSF Leak Articles (Jan 2020-June 2024)</a></li>
<li class="menu-1185 menu-path-ajnrorg-cc-most-impactful-ajnr-articles  even " role="menuitem"><a href="http://www.ajnr.org/cc/most-impactful-ajnr-articles" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Most Impactful AJNR Articles</a></li>
<li class="menu-1896 menu-path-ajnrorg-cc-2024-awards  odd last" role="menuitem"><a href="http://www.ajnr.org/cc/2024-Awards" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">2024 AJNR Journal Awards</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="menu-788 menuparent  menu-path-node-9  odd last" role="menuitem"><a href="/content/advertising" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">More</a><ul role="menu"><li class="menu-780 menu-path-node-960 first odd " role="menuitem"><a href="/content/subscriber-help-and-services" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Subscribers</a></li>
<li class="menu-863 menu-path-smarketplacecopyrightcom-rs-ui-web-mp-details-journal-122810747  even " role="menuitem"><a href="https://marketplace.copyright.com/rs-ui-web/mp/details/journal/122810747" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Permissions</a></li>
<li class="menu-782 menu-path-node-937  odd " role="menuitem"><a href="/page/content/Ads" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Advertisers</a></li>
<li class="menu-790 menu-path-alerts  even " role="menuitem"><a href="/alerts" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Alerts</a></li>
<li class="menu-791 menu-path-node-10  odd last" role="menuitem"><a href="/feedback" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Feedback</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></nav>
    </div>
  </div>
</div><div class="block block-menu text-right block-menu-social-media block-menu-menu-social-media even block-without-title" id="block-menu-menu-social-media">
  <div class="block-inner clearfix">
                
    <div class="content clearfix">
      <nav class="menubar-nav"><ul class="menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="menuitem"><a href="http://www.twitter.com/TheAJNR" target="_blank" class="link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="hw-icon-x-twitter"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">Follow AJNR on Twitter</span></a></li>
<li class="leaf" role="menuitem"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/AmJNeuroradiol" target="_blank" class="link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="icon-facebook-sign icon-2x"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">Visit AJNR on Facebook</span></a></li>
<li class="leaf" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/the_ajnr/?hl=en" class="link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="icon-instagram icon-2x"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">Follow AJNR on Instagram</span></a></li>
<li class="leaf" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-journal-of-neuroradiology" class="link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="icon-linkedin icon-2x"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">Join AJNR on LinkedIn</span></a></li>
<li class="last leaf" role="menuitem"><a href="/rss" class="link-icon-only link-icon"><span class="icon-rss icon-2x"></span> <span class="title element-invisible">RSS Feeds</span></a></li>
</ul></nav>    </div>
  </div>
</div>  </div>
</div>
  </div>
  
  <div id="zone-header" class="zone zone-header clearfix container-30">
  	      <div id="messages" class="grid-28 prefix-1 suffix-1"><div role="alert" class="messages single-msg status highwire">
<div class="msg-col-left"><span class="icon icon-info-sign"></span></div><div class="msg-col-right">Getting new auth cookie, if you see this message a lot, tell someone!</div></div>
</div>
          </div>
</header>    
      <section id="section-content" class="section section-content">
    
  <div id="zone-content" class="zone zone-content clearfix container-30">    
        
    <div class="grid-28 suffix-1 prefix-1 region region-content" id="region-content">
  <div class="region-inner region-content-inner">
    <a id="main-content"></a>
                        <div class="block block-system block-main block-system-main odd block-without-title" id="block-system-main">
  <div class="block-inner clearfix">
                
    <div class="content clearfix">
      <div class="panel-display panels-960-layout jcore-2col-layout" >
	  <div class="panel-row-wrapper panel-row-first clearfix">
		
		<div class="top-wrapper">
			<div class="panel-panel panel-region-top">
			  <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-article-citation" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node10079--5" data-node-nid="10079" id="top-node-10079--61464484478" data-pisa="ajnr;23/2/180" data-pisa-master="ajnr;23/2/180" data-apath="/ajnr/23/2/180.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">BRAIN</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access highwire-citation-access-check" data-pisa-id="ajnr;23/2/180" data-atom-uri="/ajnr/23/2/180.atom" data-request-view="full"></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Acute Postischemic Renormalization of the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient of Water is not Associated with Reversal of Astrocytic Swelling and Neuronal Shrinkage in Rats</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">Fuhai Li</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">Kai-Feng Liu</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">Matthew D. Silva</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">Xiangjun Meng</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">Tibo Gerriets</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">Karl G. Helmer</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">Joseph D. Fenstermacher</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">Christopher H. Sotak</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">Marc Fisher</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">February 2002,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">23 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(2) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">180-188; </span></div>
  
  
  
</div>
<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-10079--61464484478" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Fuhai Li </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Fuhai%2BLi%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Li%20F&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AFuhai%2BLi%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Kai-Feng Liu </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Kai-Feng%2BLiu%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Liu%20K&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AKai-Feng%2BLiu%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Matthew D. Silva </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Matthew%2BD.%2BSilva%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Silva%20MD&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AMatthew%2BD.%2BSilva%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Xiangjun Meng </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Xiangjun%2BMeng%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Meng%20X&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AXiangjun%2BMeng%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Tibo Gerriets </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Tibo%2BGerriets%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Gerriets%20T&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ATibo%2BGerriets%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Karl G. Helmer </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Karl%2BG.%2BHelmer%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Helmer%20KG&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AKarl%2BG.%2BHelmer%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Joseph D. Fenstermacher </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Joseph%2BD.%2BFenstermacher%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Fenstermacher%20JD&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AJoseph%2BD.%2BFenstermacher%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Christopher H. Sotak </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Christopher%2BH.%2BSotak%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Sotak%20CH&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AChristopher%2BH.%2BSotak%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Marc Fisher </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Marc%2BFisher%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Fisher%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AMarc%2BFisher%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
			</div>
		</div>
	
	</div> <!-- /.panel-row-wrapper -->	
	  
  <div class="panel-row-wrapper clearfix">
		
		<div class="main-content-wrapper grid-17 suffix-1 alpha">
			<div class="panel-panel panel-region-content">
			  <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-panel-tabs pane-panels-ajax-tab-tabs" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="item-list"><ul class="tabs inline panels-ajax-tab"><li class="first"><a href="/content/23/2/180" class="panels-ajax-tab-tab" data-panel-name="jnl_ajnr_tab_art" data-target-id="highwire_article_tabs" data-entity-context="node:10079" data-trigger="" data-url-enabled="1">Article</a><a href="/panels_ajax_tab/jnl_ajnr_tab_art/node:10079/1" rel="nofollow" style="display:none" class="js-crawler-link"></a></li><li><a href="/content/23/2/180/tab-figures-data" class="panels-ajax-tab-tab" data-panel-name="jnl_ajnr_tab_data" data-target-id="highwire_article_tabs" data-entity-context="node:10079" data-trigger="tab-figures-data" data-url-enabled="1">Figures &amp; Data</a><a href="/panels_ajax_tab/jnl_ajnr_tab_data/node:10079/1" rel="nofollow" style="display:none" class="js-crawler-link"></a></li><li><a href="/content/23/2/180/tab-references" class="panels-ajax-tab-tab" data-panel-name="jnl_ajnr_tab_refs" data-target-id="highwire_article_tabs" data-entity-context="node:10079" data-trigger="tab-references" data-url-enabled="1">References</a><a href="/panels_ajax_tab/jnl_ajnr_tab_refs/node:10079/1" rel="nofollow" style="display:none" class="js-crawler-link"></a></li><li><a href="/content/23/2/180/tab-article-info" class="panels-ajax-tab-tab" data-panel-name="jnl_ajnr_tab_info" data-target-id="highwire_article_tabs" data-entity-context="node:10079" data-trigger="tab-article-info" data-url-enabled="1">Info &amp; Metrics</a><a href="/panels_ajax_tab/jnl_ajnr_tab_info/node:10079/1" rel="nofollow" style="display:none" class="js-crawler-link"></a></li><li class="last"><a href="/content/ajnr/23/2/180.full.pdf" class="panels-ajax-tab-tab" data-panel-name="jnl_ajnr_tab_pdf" data-target-id="highwire_article_tabs" data-entity-context="node:10079" data-trigger="tab-pdf" data-url-enabled="1"><i class="icon-file-alt"></i> PDF</a><a href="/panels_ajax_tab/jnl_ajnr_tab_pdf/node:10079/1" rel="nofollow" style="display:none" class="js-crawler-link"></a></li></ul></div>  </div>

  
  </div>
<div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-panel-tabs-container" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div data-panels-ajax-tab-preloaded="jnl_ajnr_tab_art" id="panels-ajax-tab-container-highwire_article_tabs" class="panels-ajax-tab-container"><div class="panels-ajax-tab-loading" style ="display:none"><img class="loading" src="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/sites/all/modules/contrib/panels_ajax_tab/images/loading.gif" alt="Loading" title="Loading" /></div><div class="panels-ajax-tab-wrap-jnl_ajnr_tab_art"><div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" >
  <div class="panel-panel panel-col">
    <div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-markup" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" data-highwire-cite-ref-tooltip-instance="highwire_reflinks_tooltip" class="content-block-markup" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div class="article abstract-view"><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-start"></span><div class="section abstract" id="abstract-1"><h2>Abstract</h2><p id="p-1"><em>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:</em> Initially decreased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values are reversible if reperfusion is rapidly performed after focal brain ischemia. We sought to determine if reperfusion-induced renormalization of initially abnormal values indicates reversal of cellular, morphologic changes that occur during acute ischemia.</p><p id="p-2"><em>METHODS:</em> Eighteen rats underwent 30 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) without reperfusion (group A, n = 6), with 1.5 hours of reperfusion (group B, n = 6), or with 12 hours of reperfusion (group C, n = 6). Diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MR images were obtained at the end of MCAO and 1.5 and 12 hours after reperfusion. Immediately after the final MR study, the brains were fixed by cardiac perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde. Neuronal injury was evaluated on hematoxylin-eosin-stained slices, and astrocytic size was determined by the area of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) plus S-100 expression.</p><p id="p-3"><em>RESULTS:</em> In group A in which ADC values decreased significantly, 47 ± 12% of the neurons were slightly shrunken; astrocytes were moderately swollen, and the area expressing GFAP plus S-100 was larger than that in the contralateral hemisphere (117 μm<sup>2</sup> ± 6 vs 89 μm<sup>2</sup> ± 2; <em>P</em> &lt; .001). In group B in which ADC had renormalized, most neurons were moderately shrunken, and the frequency of such neurons was greater in group B (92% ± 2) than in group A (<em>P</em> &lt; .001); astrocytes were markedly swollen, and the area was larger than that in the contralateral hemisphere (123 μm<sup>2</sup> ± 8 vs 85 μm<sup>2</sup> ± 4, <em>P</em> &lt; .001). In group C in which a secondary ADC decrease occurred, most neurons (94% ± 3) were severely shrunken, and some had eosinophilic cytoplasm; astrocytes were disintegrated, and the area of GFAP plus S-100 expression was reduced (78 μm<sup>2</sup> ± 4 vs 90 μm<sup>2</sup> ± 5, <em>P</em> &lt; .001).</p><p id="p-4"><em>CONCLUSION:</em> Reperfusion-induced acute renormalization of ADC values is not associated with the reversal of neuronal shrinkage and astrocytic swelling that occur during ischemia. Conversely, the morphologic changes of astrocytes and neurons progressively worsen over time, although ADC values show a biphasic change.</p></div><ul class="copyright-statement"><li class="fn" id="copyright-statement-1">Copyright © American Society of Neuroradiology</li></ul><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"></span></div><span class="related-urls"></span></div><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/23/2/180.full" class="hw-link hw-link-article-full-text" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">View Full Text</a></div>  </div>

  
  </div>
<div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-article-trendmd" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div id="trendmd-suggestions"></div>  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
  </div>
</div>
</div></div>  </div>

  
  </div>
<div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-node-pager" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="pager highwire-pager pager-mini clearfix highwire-node-pager highwire-article-pager"><span class="pager-prev"><a href="/content/23/2/178" title="Sources of Variability in Measuring Carotid Stenosis on Time-Resolved Contrast-Enhanced MR Angiograms" rel="prev" class="pager-link-prev link-icon"><span class="icon-circle-arrow-left"></span> <span class="title">Previous</span></a></span><span class="pager-next"><a href="/content/23/2/189" title="Prognostic Value of Subacute Crossed Cerebellar Diaschisis: Single-Photon Emission CT Study in Patients with Middle Cerebral Artery Territory Infarct" rel="next" class="pager-link-next link-icon-right link-icon"><span class="title">Next</span> <span class="icon-circle-arrow-right"></span></a></span></div>  </div>

  
  </div>
<div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-back-to-top" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <a href="#page" class="back-to-top" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="icon-chevron-up"></span> Back to top</a>  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
			</div>
		</div>
		
		<div class="sidebar-right-wrapper grid-10 omega">
			<div class="panel-panel panel-region-sidebar-right">
			  <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-jnl-ajnr-art-issue pane-style-alt-content" >
  
        <h2 class="pane-title">In this issue</h2>
    
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-jnl_ajnr_art_issue">
  <div class="panel-panel panel-col">
    <div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-article-citation" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-issue node1650" data-node-nid="1650" id="node-1650--21480546870" data-pisa="ajnr;23/2" data-pisa-master="ajnr;23/2" data-apath="/ajnr/23/2.atom"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-issue highwire-citation-jcore-issue-widget clearfix">
    
      <div class="highwire-cite-highlight"><a href="/content/23/2"  class="highlight-image-linked"><img class="highlight-image" src="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/highwire/ajnr/23/2.cover.gif?itok=6bx6oUZn" alt="American Journal of Neuroradiology: 23 (2)" /></a></div>
  
  <div class="highwire-cite-col">
      
      
          <a href="/content/23/2" class="highwire-cite-linked-title" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="highwire-cite-title">American Journal of Neuroradiology</span></a>      
      
        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 23</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 2 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Feb 2002 </div></div>
      
      
        	<div class="highwire-cite-extras"><div class='highwire-article-citation-variant-list'><ul class="links variants-list"><li class="toc first"><a href="/content/23/2.toc" class="highwire-variant-link variant-toc " title="Table of Contents" rel="alternate" type="text/html" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Table of Contents</a></li><li class="index-by-author last"><a href="/content/23/2.index-by-author" class="highwire-variant-link variant-index-by-author " title="Index by author" rel="alternate" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Index by author</a></li></ul></div></div>
      </div>

</div></div>  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
  </div>
</div>
  </div>

  
  </div>
<div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-jnl-ajnr-ad-rhs" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-jnl_ajnr_ad_rhs">
  <div class="panel-panel panel-col">
    <div><div class="panel-pane pane-dfp-pane text-center" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div id="dfp-ad-rhs-wrapper" class="dfp-tag-wrapper">
<div class="slug">Advertisement</div>
<div  id="dfp-ad-rhs" class="dfp-tag-wrapper">
  <script type="text/javascript">
    googletag.cmd.push(function() {
      googletag.display("dfp-ad-rhs");
    });
  </script>
</div>
</div>  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
  </div>
</div>
  </div>

  
  </div>
<div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-jnl-ajnr-art-tools" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div id="mini-panel-jnl_ajnr_art_tools" class="highwire-2col-stacked panel-display">
	  
  <div class="panel-row-wrapper clearfix">
		<div class="content-left-wrapper content-column">
          <div class="panel-panel panel-region-content-left">
            <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-variant-link" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <a href="/content/ajnr/23/2/180.full-text.print" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="link-icon"><span class="icon-print"></span> <span class="title">Print</span></a>  </div>

  
  </div>
<div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-variant-link text-no-wrap" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <a href="/content/ajnr/23/2/180.full-text.pdf" target="_blank" class="link-icon"><span class="icon-download-alt"></span> <span class="title">Download PDF</span></a>  </div>

  
  </div>
<div class="panel-pane pane-minipanel-dialog-link pane-jnl-ajnr-art-email" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class='minipanel-dialog-wrapper'><div class='minipanel-dialog-link-link'><a href="/" oncontextmenu="javascript: return false;" class="minipanel-dialog-link-trigger link-icon" title="Email this Article"><span class="icon-envelope"></span> <span class="title">Email Article</span></a></div><div class='minipanel-dialog-link-mini' style='display:none'><div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-jnl_ajnr_art_email">
  <div class="panel-panel panel-col">
    <div><div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-forward-form pane-forward" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <form action="/content/23/2/180.abstract" method="post" id="forward-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div id="edit-instructions" class="form-item form-item-label-before form-type-item">
 <p>Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on American Journal of Neuroradiology.</p><p>NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.</p>
</div>
<div class="form-item form-item-label-before form-type-textfield form-item-email">
  <label for="edit-email">Your Email <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label>
 <input type="text" id="edit-email" name="email" value="" size="58" maxlength="256" class="form-text required" />
</div>
<div class="form-item form-item-label-before form-type-textfield form-item-name">
  <label for="edit-name">Your Name <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label>
 <input type="text" id="edit-name" name="name" value="" size="58" maxlength="256" class="form-text required" />
</div>
<div class="form-item form-item-label-before form-type-textarea form-item-recipients">
  <label for="edit-recipients">Send To <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label>
 <div class="form-textarea-wrapper resizable"><textarea id="edit-recipients" name="recipients" cols="50" rows="5" class="form-textarea required"></textarea></div>
<div class="description">Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.</div>
</div>
<div id="edit-page" class="form-item form-item-label-before form-type-item">
  <label for="edit-page">You are going to email the following </label>
 <a href="/content/23/2/180" class="active" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Acute Postischemic Renormalization of the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient of Water is not Associated with Reversal of Astrocytic Swelling and Neuronal Shrinkage in Rats</a>
</div>
<div id="edit-subject" class="form-item form-item-label-before form-type-item">
  <label for="edit-subject">Message Subject </label>
 (Your Name) has sent you a message from American Journal of Neuroradiology
</div>
<div id="edit-body" class="form-item form-item-label-before form-type-item">
  <label for="edit-body">Message Body </label>
 (Your Name) thought you would like to see the American Journal of Neuroradiology web site.
</div>
<div class="form-item form-item-label-before form-type-textarea form-item-message">
  <label for="edit-message--2">Your Personal Message </label>
 <div class="form-textarea-wrapper resizable"><textarea id="edit-message--2" name="message" cols="50" rows="10" class="form-textarea"></textarea></div>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="path" value="node/10079" />
<input type="hidden" name="path_cid" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="forward_footer" value="" />
<input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-E36O3hcavnyU9dzWHCe_NGd_hiRG-pbGT-nLzh_HxYY" />
<input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="forward_form" />
<fieldset class="captcha form-wrapper"><legend><span class="fieldset-legend">CAPTCHA</span></legend><div class="fieldset-wrapper"><div class="fieldset-description">This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.</div><input type="hidden" name="captcha_sid" value="108739910" />
<input type="hidden" name="captcha_token" value="b9069aab6b550305e45b8a0bc4872e7e" />
<input type="hidden" name="captcha_response" value="Google no captcha" />
<div class="g-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6LfnJVIUAAAAAE-bUOMg0MJGki4lqSvDmhJp19fN" data-theme="light" data-type="image"></div></div></fieldset>
<div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="Send Message" class="form-submit" /></div></div></form>  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
  </div>
</div>
</div></div>  </div>

  
  </div>
<div class="panel-pane pane-minipanel-dialog-link pane-jnl-ajnr-cite-tool" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class='minipanel-dialog-wrapper'><div class='minipanel-dialog-link-link'><a href="/highwire/citation/10079/download" oncontextmenu="javascript: return false;" class="minipanel-dialog-link-trigger link-icon" title="Citation Tools"><span class="icon-globe"></span> <span class="title">Citation Tools</span></a></div><div class='minipanel-dialog-link-mini' style='display:none'><div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-jnl_ajnr_cite_tool">
  <div class="panel-panel panel-col">
    <div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-citation-export" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="highwire-citation-export">  
  <div class="highwire-citation-info">
      <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article cite-tool-node10079" data-node-nid="10079" id="citation-node-10079--2835021894" data-pisa="ajnr;23/2/180" data-pisa-master="ajnr;23/2/180" data-apath="/ajnr/23/2/180.atom"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-standard clearfix">
  
  
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Acute Postischemic Renormalization of the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient of Water is not Associated with Reversal of Astrocytic Swelling and Neuronal Shrinkage in Rats</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">Fuhai</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Li</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">Kai-Feng</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Liu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">Matthew D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Silva</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">Xiangjun</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Meng</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">Tibo</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Gerriets</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">Karl G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Helmer</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">Joseph D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Fenstermacher</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">Christopher H.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Sotak</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">Marc</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Fisher</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Feb 2002, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">23 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(2) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">180-188; </span></div>
  
  
  
</div>
</div>  </div>
  <div class="highwire-citation-formats">
  	      <h2>Citation Manager Formats</h2>
        <div class="highwire-citation-formats-links">
      <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.spage=180&amp;rft.epage=188&amp;rft.atitle=Acute%20Postischemic%20Renormalization%20of%20the%20Apparent%20Diffusion%20Coefficient%20of%20Water%20is%20not%20Associated%20with%20Reversal%20of%20Astrocytic%20Swelling%20and%20Neuronal%20Shrinkage%20in%20Rats&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.date=2002-02-01%2000%3A00%3A00&amp;rft.stitle&amp;rft.jtitle=American%20Journal%20of%20Neuroradiology&amp;rft.au=Li%2C+Fuhai&amp;rft.au=Liu%2C+Kai-Feng&amp;rft.au=Silva%2C+Matthew+D.&amp;rft.au=Meng%2C+Xiangjun&amp;rft.au=Gerriets%2C+Tibo&amp;rft.au=Helmer%2C+Karl+G.&amp;rft.au=Fenstermacher%2C+Joseph+D.&amp;rft.au=Sotak%2C+Christopher+H.&amp;rft.au=Fisher%2C+Marc"></span><ul class="hw-citation-links inline button button-alt button-grid clearfix"><li class="bibtext first"><a href="/highwire/citation/10079/bibtext" class="hw-download-citation-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">BibTeX</a></li><li class="bookends"><a href="/highwire/citation/10079/bookends" class="hw-download-citation-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Bookends</a></li><li class="easybib"><a href="/highwire/citation/10079/easybib" class="hw-download-citation-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">EasyBib</a></li><li class="endnote-tagged"><a href="/highwire/citation/10079/endnote-tagged" class="hw-download-citation-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">EndNote (tagged)</a></li><li class="endnote-8-xml"><a href="/highwire/citation/10079/endnote-8-xml" class="hw-download-citation-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">EndNote 8 (xml)</a></li><li class="medlars"><a href="/highwire/citation/10079/medlars" class="hw-download-citation-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Medlars</a></li><li class="mendeley"><a href="/highwire/citation/10079/mendeley" class="hw-download-citation-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Mendeley</a></li><li class="papers"><a href="/highwire/citation/10079/papers" class="hw-download-citation-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Papers</a></li><li class="refworks-tagged"><a href="/highwire/citation/10079/refworks-tagged" class="hw-download-citation-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">RefWorks Tagged</a></li><li class="reference-manager"><a href="/highwire/citation/10079/reference-manager" class="hw-download-citation-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Ref Manager</a></li><li class="ris"><a href="/highwire/citation/10079/ris" class="hw-download-citation-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">RIS</a></li><li class="zotero last"><a href="/highwire/citation/10079/zotero" class="hw-download-citation-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Zotero</a></li></ul>    </div>
  </div>
</div>
  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
  </div>
</div>
</div></div>  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
          </div>
        </div>
        
        <div class="content-right-wrapper content-column">
          <div class="panel-panel panel-region-content-right">
            <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-share-link highwire_clipboard_link_ajax"  id="shareit">
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <a href="/" class="link-icon"><span class="icon-share-alt"></span> <span class="title">Share</span></a>  </div>

  
  </div>
<div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-jnl-ajnr-share highwire_clipboard_form_ajax_shareit" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-jnl_ajnr_share">
  <div class="panel-panel panel-col">
    <div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-article-citation large-margin-bottom" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node10079--3" data-node-nid="10079" id="share-node-10079--42114977230" data-pisa="ajnr;23/2/180" data-pisa-master="ajnr;23/2/180" data-apath="/ajnr/23/2/180.atom"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-standard clearfix">
  
  
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Acute Postischemic Renormalization of the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient of Water is not Associated with Reversal of Astrocytic Swelling and Neuronal Shrinkage in Rats</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">Fuhai</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Li</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">Kai-Feng</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Liu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">Matthew D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Silva</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">Xiangjun</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Meng</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">Tibo</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Gerriets</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">Karl G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Helmer</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">Joseph D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Fenstermacher</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">Christopher H.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Sotak</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">Marc</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Fisher</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Feb 2002, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">23 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(2) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">180-188; </span></div>
  
  
  
</div>
</div>  </div>

  
  </div>
<div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-article-clipboard-copy large-margin-bottom" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class = "clipboard-copy">
  <span class="label-url">
    <label for="dynamic">Share This Article:</label>
  </span>
  <span class="input-text-url">
    <input type="text" id="dynamic" value="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/23/2/180" size="50"/>
  </span>
  <span class="copy-button button">
    <button id="copy-dynamic" class="clipboardjs-button" data-clipboard-target="#dynamic" data-clipboard-alert-style="tooltip" data-clipboard-alert-text="Copied!">Copy</button>
  </span>
</div>
  </div>

  
  </div>
<div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-service-links" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="service-links"><a href="http://del.icio.us/post?url=http%3A//ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/23/2/180&amp;title=Acute%20Postischemic%20Renormalization%20of%20the%20Apparent%20Diffusion%20Coefficient%20of%20Water%20is%20not%20Associated%20with%20Reversal%20of%20Astrocytic%20Swelling%20and%20Neuronal%20Shrinkage%20in%20Rats" id="delicious" title="Bookmark this post on del.icio.us" class="service-links-delicious" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><img src="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/sites/all/modules/highwire/highwire/images/delicious-32.png" alt="del.icio.us logo" /></a> <a href="http://twitter.com/share?url=http%3A//ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/23/2/180&amp;text=Acute%20Postischemic%20Renormalization%20of%20the%20Apparent%20Diffusion%20Coefficient%20of%20Water%20is%20not%20Associated%20with%20Reversal%20of%20Astrocytic%20Swelling%20and%20Neuronal%20Shrinkage%20in%20Rats" id="twitter" title="Share this on Twitter" class="service-links-twitter" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><img src="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/sites/all/modules/highwire/highwire/images/twitter.png" alt="Twitter logo" /></a> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http%3A//ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/23/2/180&amp;t=Acute%20Postischemic%20Renormalization%20of%20the%20Apparent%20Diffusion%20Coefficient%20of%20Water%20is%20not%20Associated%20with%20Reversal%20of%20Astrocytic%20Swelling%20and%20Neuronal%20Shrinkage%20in%20Rats" id="facebook" title="Share on Facebook" class="service-links-facebook" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><img src="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/sites/all/modules/highwire/highwire/images/fb-blue.png" alt="Facebook logo" /></a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=http%3A//ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/23/2/180&amp;title=Acute%20Postischemic%20Renormalization%20of%20the%20Apparent%20Diffusion%20Coefficient%20of%20Water%20is%20not%20Associated%20with%20Reversal%20of%20Astrocytic%20Swelling%20and%20Neuronal%20Shrinkage%20in%20Rats" id="mendeley" title="Share on Mendeley" class="service-links-mendeley" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><img src="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/sites/all/modules/highwire/highwire/images/mendeley.png" alt="Mendeley logo" /></a></div>  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
  </div>
</div>
  </div>

  
  </div>
<div class="panel-pane pane-service-links" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="service-links"><div class="item-list"><ul><li class="first"><a href="http://twitter.com/share?url=http%3A//ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/23/2/180&amp;count=horizontal&amp;via=&amp;text=Acute%20Postischemic%20Renormalization%20of%20the%20Apparent%20Diffusion%20Coefficient%20of%20Water%20is%20not%20Associated%20with%20Reversal%20of%20Astrocytic%20Swelling%20and%20Neuronal%20Shrinkage%20in%20Rats&amp;counturl=http%3A//ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/23/2/180" class="twitter-share-button service-links-twitter-widget" id="twitter_widget" title="Tweet This" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="element-invisible">Tweet Widget</span></a></li><li><a href="http://www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?href=http%3A//ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/23/2/180&amp;layout=button_count&amp;show_faces=false&amp;action=like&amp;colorscheme=light&amp;width=100&amp;height=21&amp;font=&amp;locale=" id="facebook_like" title="I Like it" class="service-links-facebook-like" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="element-invisible">Facebook Like</span></a></li><li class="last"><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/23/2/180" id="google_plus_one" title="Plus it" class="service-links-google-plus-one" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="element-invisible">Google Plus One</span></a></li></ul></div></div>  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
          </div>
        </div>
	</div> <!-- /.panel-row-wrapper -->	
	
	</div>

  </div>

  
  </div>
<div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-article-nav mobile-hidden pane-style-alt-content" >
  
        <h2 class="pane-title">Jump to section</h2>
    
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="highwire-list-wrapper highwire-article-nav highwire-nav-float"><div class="highwire-list"><ul data-highwire-float="1" data-highwire-float-class="grid-10 alpha omega"><li class="parent first odd"><a href="/content/23/2/180" class="highwire-article-nav-jumplink" data-panel-ajax-tab="jnl_ajnr_tab_art" data-is-tab-link="true" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Article</a><div class="highwire-list"><ul><li class="first odd"><a href="#abstract-1" class="highwire-article-nav-jumplink first" data-panel-ajax-tab="jnl_ajnr_tab_art" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Abstract</a></li><li class="even"><a href="#sec-1" class="highwire-article-nav-jumplink" data-panel-ajax-tab="jnl_ajnr_tab_art" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Methods</a></li><li class="odd"><a href="#sec-10" class="highwire-article-nav-jumplink" data-panel-ajax-tab="jnl_ajnr_tab_art" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Results</a></li><li class="even"><a href="#sec-14" class="highwire-article-nav-jumplink" data-panel-ajax-tab="jnl_ajnr_tab_art" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Discussion</a></li><li class="odd"><a href="#sec-18" class="highwire-article-nav-jumplink" data-panel-ajax-tab="jnl_ajnr_tab_art" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Conclusion</a></li><li class="even"><a href="#ack-1" class="highwire-article-nav-jumplink" data-panel-ajax-tab="jnl_ajnr_tab_art" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Acknowledgments</a></li><li class="odd"><a href="#fn-group-1" class="highwire-article-nav-jumplink" data-panel-ajax-tab="jnl_ajnr_tab_art" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Footnotes</a></li><li class="last even"><a href="#ref-list-1" class="highwire-article-nav-jumplink last" data-panel-ajax-tab="jnl_ajnr_tab_art" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">References</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="even"><a href="/content/23/2/180/tab-figures-data" class="highwire-article-nav-jumplink" data-panel-ajax-tab="jnl_ajnr_tab_data" data-is-tab-link="true" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Figures &amp; Data</a></li><li class="odd"><a href="/content/23/2/180/tab-references" class="highwire-article-nav-jumplink" data-panel-ajax-tab="jnl_ajnr_tab_refs" data-is-tab-link="true" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">References</a></li><li class="even"><a href="/content/23/2/180/tab-article-info" class="highwire-article-nav-jumplink" data-panel-ajax-tab="jnl_ajnr_tab_info" data-is-tab-link="true" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Info &amp; Metrics</a></li><li class="last odd"><a href="/content/23/2/180.full.pdf" class="highwire-article-nav-jumplink" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><i class="icon-file-alt"></i> PDF</a></li></ul></div></div>  </div>

  
  </div>
<div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-panels-mini pane-jnl-ajnr-accordion" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-jnl_ajnr_accordion">
  <div class="panel-panel panel-col">
    <div><div id="highwire_article_accordion_container"><h3 ><i class="icon-caret-right"></i> Related Articles</h3><div><div class="highwire-list highwire-related-articles highwire-article-citation-list"><ul class="highwire-related-articles-list"><li class="first last odd"><div class="no-results">No related articles found.</div></li></ul></div><div class='highwire-list-footer'><div class="highwire-related-articles-footer"><ul class="links inline"><li class="related-pubmed first"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?link_type=MED_NBRS&amp;access_num=11847039" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">PubMed</a></li><li class="related-google-scholar last"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=related&amp;author%5B0%5D=Fuhai%2BLi&amp;author%5B1%5D=Kai-Feng%2BLiu&amp;author%5B2%5D=Matthew%2BD.%2BSilva&amp;author%5B3%5D=Xiangjun%2BMeng&amp;author%5B4%5D=Tibo%2BGerriets&amp;author%5B5%5D=Karl%2BG.%2BHelmer&amp;author%5B6%5D=Joseph%2BD.%2BFenstermacher&amp;author%5B7%5D=Christopher%2BH.%2BSotak&amp;author%5B8%5D=Marc%2BFisher&amp;title=Acute%2BPostischemic%2BRenormalization%2Bof%2Bthe%2BApparent%2BDiffusion%2BCoefficient%2Bof%2BWater%2Bis%2Bnot%2BAssociated%2Bwith%2BReversal%2Bof%2BAstrocytic%2BSwelling%2Band%2BNeuronal%2BShrinkage%2Bin%2BRats&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;path=content/23/2/180" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Google Scholar</a></li></ul></div></div></div><h3 ><i class="icon-caret-right"></i> Cited By...</h3><div><div class="highwire-list highwire-cited-by"><ul><li class="first odd"><a href="http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/content/full/33/3/563" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><div class="highwire-cite-title">The Effect of Age and Cerebral Ischemia on Diffusion-Weighted Proton MR Spectroscopy of the Human Brain</div></a><div class="variant-links"></div></li><li class="even"><a href="http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/content/full/32/4/728" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><div class="highwire-cite-title">Correlation between CT and Diffusion-Weighted Imaging of Acute Cerebral Ischemia in a Rat Model</div></a><div class="variant-links"></div></li><li class="odd"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/107/32/14472/FIG04" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><div class="highwire-cite-title">Neurite beading is sufficient to decrease the apparent diffusion coefficient after ischemic stroke</div></a><div class="variant-links"></div></li><li class="even"><a href="http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/37/6/1525" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><div class="highwire-cite-title">Modest MRI Signal Intensity Changes Precede Delayed Cortical Necrosis After Transient Focal Ischemia in the Rat</div></a><div class="variant-links"></div></li><li class="odd"><a href="http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/34/7/e87" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><div class="highwire-cite-title">Editorial Comment--ADC and Metabolites in Stroke: Even More Confusion About Diffusion?</div></a><div class="variant-links"></div></li><li class="last even"><a href="http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/34/4/1084" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><div class="highwire-cite-title">Guidelines and Recommendations for Perfusion Imaging in Cerebral Ischemia: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals by the Writing Group on Perfusion Imaging, From the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology of the American Heart Association</div></a><div class="variant-links"></div></li></ul></div><div class='highwire-list-footer'><ul class="links inline"><li class="citing-cross-ref first"><a href="/crossref-forward-links/ajnr/23/2/180#crossref" class="hw-crossref hw-crossref-link-ajax" data-list-wrapper="hw-crossref-list-wrapper" target="_blank" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Crossref</a></li><li class="citing-google-scholar last"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=citedby&amp;path=content/23/2/180" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Google Scholar</a></li></ul></div><div title="Crossref Cited-by Linking Search Results" style="display:none;" class="hw-crossref-list-wrapper"><p class = "hw-crossref-message">This article has not yet been cited by articles in journals that are participating in Crossref Cited-by Linking.</p></div></div><h3 ><i class="icon-caret-right"></i> More in this TOC Section</h3><div><div class="highwire-list highwire-article-citation-list"><ul><li class="first odd"><div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node13944" data-node-nid="13944" id="node-13944--215789628" data-pisa="ajnr;36/6/1102" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A4260" data-apath="/ajnr/36/6/1102.atom"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-standard-title-only clearfix">
  
  
  
  
      <a href="/content/36/6/1102" class="highwire-cite-linked-title" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="highwire-cite-title">Usefulness of Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping for the Diagnosis of Parkinson Disease</span></a>  
  
  
  
  
</div>
</div></li><li class="even"><div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node13917" data-node-nid="13917" id="node-13917--2363220578" data-pisa="ajnr;36/6/1043" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A4322" data-apath="/ajnr/36/6/1043.atom"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-standard-title-only clearfix">
  
  
  
  
      <a href="/content/36/6/1043" class="highwire-cite-linked-title" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="highwire-cite-title">White Matter Alterations in the Brains of Patients with Active, Remitted, and Cured Cushing Syndrome: A DTI Study</span></a>  
  
  
  
  
</div>
</div></li><li class="last odd"><div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node13945" data-node-nid="13945" id="node-13945--21585513530" data-pisa="ajnr;36/6/1063" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A4232" data-apath="/ajnr/36/6/1063.atom"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-standard-title-only clearfix">
  
  
  
  
      <a href="/content/36/6/1063" class="highwire-cite-linked-title" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="highwire-cite-title">Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of MR Imaging Findings in Patients with Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke Implanted with Mesenchymal Stem Cells</span></a>  
  
  
  
  
</div>
</div></li></ul></div><div class='highwire-list-footer'><a href="/content/by/section/BRAIN" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Show more <span class="wrapper">BRAIN</span></a></div></div><h3 ><i class="icon-caret-right"></i> Similar Articles</h3><div><div class="highwire-search-similar-ajax-wrapper" id="highwire-search-similar-articles-list-1"><div class="highwire-ajax-loading"><span class="icon-spinner icon-spin icon-2x"></span></div></div></div></div></div>
  </div>
</div>
  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
			</div>
		</div>
	
	</div> <!-- /.panel-row-wrapper -->	
	
	</div>

    </div>
  </div>
</div><div class="block block-panels-mini more-padding-top mobile-hiddens block-jnl-ajnr-ad-bot-leaderboard block-panels-mini-jnl-ajnr-ad-bot-leaderboard even block-without-title" id="block-panels-mini-jnl-ajnr-ad-bot-leaderboard">
  <div class="block-inner clearfix">
                
    <div class="content clearfix">
      <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-jnl_ajnr_ad_bot_leaderboard">
  <div class="panel-panel panel-col">
    <div><div class="panel-pane pane-dfp-pane text-center" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div id="dfp-ad-bottom_leaderboard-wrapper" class="dfp-tag-wrapper">
<div class="slug">Advertisement</div>
<div  id="dfp-ad-bottom_leaderboard" class="dfp-tag-wrapper">
  <script type="text/javascript">
    googletag.cmd.push(function() {
      googletag.display("dfp-ad-bottom_leaderboard");
    });
  </script>
</div>
</div>  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
  </div>
</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>      </div>
</div>  </div>
</section>    
  
      <footer id="section-footer" class="section section-footer">
    
  <div id="zone-postscript" class="zone zone-postscript clearfix container-30">
    <div class="grid-28 suffix-1 prefix-1 region region-postscript-fourth" id="region-postscript-fourth">
  <div class="region-inner region-postscript-fourth-inner">
    <div class="block block-panels-mini block-jnl-ajnr-footer block-panels-mini-jnl-ajnr-footer odd block-without-title" id="block-panels-mini-jnl-ajnr-footer">
  <div class="block-inner clearfix">
                
    <div class="content clearfix">
      <div class="panel-display panels-960-row jcore-row-4col clearfix" id="mini-panel-jnl_ajnr_footer">
  <div class="panel-panel panel-region-col-1 grid-7 alpha">
    <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-menu-navigate pane-menu" >
  
        <h2 class="pane-title">News and Updates</h2>
    
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <nav class="menubar-nav"><ul class="menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.ajnr.org/cc/2024-Awards" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">2024 Journal Award Winners</a></li>
<li class="last leaf" role="menuitem"><a href="/page/content/Reviewer-Recognition" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Thanks to our 2023 Distinguished Reviewers</a></li>
</ul></nav>  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
  </div>
  <div class="panel-panel panel-region-col-2 grid-7">
    <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-menu-more-information pane-menu" >
  
        <h2 class="pane-title">Resources</h2>
    
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <nav class="menubar-nav"><ul class="menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="menuitem"><a href="/page/content/EBM" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Evidence-Based Medicine Level Guide</a></li>
<li class="leaf" role="menuitem"><a href="/content/browse-podcast-archives" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">AJNR Podcast Archive</a></li>
<li class="leaf" role="menuitem"><a href="/content/institutional-subscriptions" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Librarian Resources</a></li>
<li class="last leaf" role="menuitem"><a href="http://www.ajnr.org/page/content/Terms-and-Conditions" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Terms and Conditions</a></li>
</ul></nav>  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
  </div>
  <div class="panel-panel panel-region-col-3 grid-7">
    <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-menu-add-journals pane-menu" >
  
        <h2 class="pane-title">Opportunities</h2>
    
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <nav class="menubar-nav"><ul class="menu" role="menu"><li class="first last leaf" role="menuitem"><a href="/page/content/Publons" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Get Peer Review Credit from Publons</a></li>
</ul></nav>  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
  </div>
  <div class="panel-panel panel-region-col-4 grid-7 omega">
    <div class="inside"><div class="panel-pane pane-block pane-menu-other-services pane-menu" >
  
        <h2 class="pane-title">American Society of Neuroradiology</h2>
    
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <nav class="menubar-nav"><ul class="menu" role="menu"><li class="first leaf" role="menuitem"><a href="http://www.neurographics.org/" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Neurographics</a></li>
<li class="leaf" role="menuitem"><a href="http://www.asnr.org/index.php/education/fellowship-portal/" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Fellowship Portal</a></li>
<li class="last leaf" role="menuitem"><a href="https://www.asnr.org/membership-types/" data-hide-link-title="0" class="" data-icon-position="">Not an ASNR Member? Join Now</a></li>
</ul></nav>  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
  </div>
</div>    </div>
  </div>
</div>  </div>
</div>  </div>
  
  <div id="zone-footer" class="zone zone-footer clearfix container-30">
    <div class="grid-28 suffix-1 prefix-1 region region-footer-first" id="region-footer-first">
  <div class="region-inner region-footer-first-inner">
    <div class="block block-panels-mini block-jnl-ajnr-foot-info block-panels-mini-jnl-ajnr-foot-info odd block-without-title" id="block-panels-mini-jnl-ajnr-foot-info">
  <div class="block-inner clearfix">
                
    <div class="content clearfix">
      <div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" id="mini-panel-jnl_ajnr_foot_info">
  <div class="panel-panel panel-col">
    <div><div class="panel-pane pane-page-logo-footer" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <img class="footer-logo" src="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/sites/default/files/ajnr-logo.png" alt="" />  </div>

  
  </div>
<div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-snippet pane-footer-copyright-text" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <div class="snippet footer-copyright-text" id="footer-copyright-text">
  
      
  <div class="snippet-content">
    <p>&copy; 2025 by the <a href="http://www.asnr.org">American Society of Neuroradiology</a> All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.<br />
Print ISSN: 0195-6108 Online ISSN: 1936-959X</p>
  </div>

</div>
  </div>

  
  </div>
<div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-branding" >
  
      
  
  <div class="pane-content">
    <a href="http://home.highwire.org" target="_blank" class="highwire-branding-link" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><img class="logo-highwire" src="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/sites/all/modules/highwire/highwire/plugins/content_types/images/logo_small_hw_white.png" width="190" height="31" alt="Powered by HighWire" /></a>  </div>

  
  </div>
</div>
  </div>
</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>  </div>
</div>  </div>
</footer>  </div>    <div class="region region-page-bottom" id="region-page-bottom">
  <div class="region-inner region-page-bottom-inner">
      </div>
</div><script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__bnwyEQSuZLC-kZnFqCi5iE02nOCzM7DjY7zYxcN9nsQ__VBiBT_qq_eHMMO2Q1rXK1u-hHff31XLUkmi9dgjuPeY__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__GM3GJPR36rRIz0TRkjC5OQwrioSyN9aoYRivDhCO_AM__qAl84FcCv2jyN22yFGS5Oc85cjd9zKX6p_cFNLGhe-M__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.js" async="async"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__puuQ6qZuZflSOzhCnY-jgY7Fv9AlRwAQ8SzEc4pSqOs__QdvWVdmkPpxtURk1sK0nHm-KZ4OJQjVuYZTnLqK1Isw__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
function euCookieComplianceLoadScripts() {}
//--><!]]>
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
var eu_cookie_compliance_cookie_name = "";
//--><!]]>
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sites/default/files/advagg_js/js__WcTpt-w0y1FyXrxZNriX8Ts1KjsFTDpdvZaw9yhRn24__aFJpdvsZPb1v9rWrq-WXbz_WQ9IThQN-mFTCdm1cfXc__Op4k-kV4DoWc7bsUP7umKmZ0WXfmoYdRDoZFPNSd-oM.js"></script>
  </body>
</html>