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<meta name="DC.Title" content="CSF Leaks: Correlation of High-Resolution CT and Multiplanar Reformations with Intraoperative Endoscopic Findings" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A0885" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2008-03-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="Copyright © American Society of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Skull base defects can result in CSF leaks, with meningitis as a potential complication. Surgeons are now routinely repairing these leaks via a nasal endoscopic approach. Accurate preoperative imaging is essential for surgical planning. A variety of imaging regimens have been employed, including axial and direct coronal CT, CT cisternography with iodinated contrast, radionuclide cisternography, and MR imaging. Now that multidetector helical CT is available, the purpose of this study was to determine how well coronal and sagittal multiplanar reformatted (MPR) images generated from a high-resolution axial dataset correlate with intraoperative findings in a group of patients with clinically proved CSF leaks.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed imaging findings and surgical records of 19 patients who presented to our tertiary care institution during a 2.5-year period with clinically proved CSF leak. Patients underwent preoperative imaging with high-resolution helical CT (section collimation, 10 patients with 0.625-mm and 9 patients with 1.25-mm images), with MPR images processed by a neuroradiologist at a workstation. Two neuroradiologists, blinded to the intraoperative findings, determined the location and size of the skull base defects. All patients underwent endoscopic evaluation by an experienced sinonasal otolaryngologist, who confirmed the site of the CSF leak by direct inspection and measured the corresponding osseous defect. CT was considered accurate if it correctly localized the CSF leak and was within 2 mm of the endoscopic measurement.

RESULTS: At endoscopy, 22 leaks of CSF were identified in 18 of 19 patients. CT correctly predicted the site of the leak in 20 (91%) of 22 cases and was accurate (within 2 mm of the endoscopic measurement) in 15 (75%) of 20 cases preoperatively localized. The CT measurement of the skull base defect differed from the endoscopic size in 5 (25%) of 20 cases, ranging from 7.4 mm below to 13 mm above the intraoperative measurement. When analysis was limited to the subgroup of 10 patients who had 0.625-mm axial images, the accuracy was improved, and of the 11 CSF leaks described at CT, all were verified at endoscopy. In addition, the submillimeter CT accurately measured the size of the osseous defect in 9 (82%) of 11 cases. In the remaining 2 (18%) of 11 cases, CT minimally overestimated the size of the osseous defect by only 3 mm.

CONCLUSION: Axial images, and coronal, sagittal, and oblique MPR images generated from high-resolution axial CT performed well preoperatively, localizing the skull base defect responsible for the CSF leak. However, active manipulation of the axial dataset at a workstation is crucial in identifying and correctly describing these lesions. When submillimeter collimation is available, measurement of the osseous defects are accurate most of the time." />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="V. La Fata" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="N. McLean" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.K. Wise" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J.M. DelGaudio" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="P.A. Hudgins" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2008-03-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="HEAD &amp;amp; NECK" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="CSF Leaks: Correlation of High-Resolution CT and Multiplanar Reformations with Intraoperative Endoscopic Findings" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/b&gt; Skull base defects can result in CSF leaks, with meningitis as a potential complication. Surgeons are now routinely repairing these leaks via a nasal endoscopic approach. Accurate preoperative imaging is essential for surgical planning. A variety of imaging regimens have been employed, including axial and direct coronal CT, CT cisternography with iodinated contrast, radionuclide cisternography, and MR imaging. Now that multidetector helical CT is available, the purpose of this study was to determine how well coronal and sagittal multiplanar reformatted (MPR) images generated from a high-resolution axial dataset correlate with intraoperative findings in a group of patients with clinically proved CSF leaks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/b&gt; We retrospectively reviewed imaging findings and surgical records of 19 patients who presented to our tertiary care institution during a 2.5-year period with clinically proved CSF leak. Patients underwent preoperative imaging with high-resolution helical CT (section collimation, 10 patients with 0.625-mm and 9 patients with 1.25-mm images), with MPR images processed by a neuroradiologist at a workstation. Two neuroradiologists, blinded to the intraoperative findings, determined the location and size of the skull base defects. All patients underwent endoscopic evaluation by an experienced sinonasal otolaryngologist, who confirmed the site of the CSF leak by direct inspection and measured the corresponding osseous defect. CT was considered accurate if it correctly localized the CSF leak and was within 2 mm of the endoscopic measurement.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/b&gt; At endoscopy, 22 leaks of CSF were identified in 18 of 19 patients. CT correctly predicted the site of the leak in 20 (91%) of 22 cases and was accurate (within 2 mm of the endoscopic measurement) in 15 (75%) of 20 cases preoperatively localized. The CT measurement of the skull base defect differed from the endoscopic size in 5 (25%) of 20 cases, ranging from 7.4 mm below to 13 mm above the intraoperative measurement. When analysis was limited to the subgroup of 10 patients who had 0.625-mm axial images, the accuracy was improved, and of the 11 CSF leaks described at CT, all were verified at endoscopy. In addition, the submillimeter CT accurately measured the size of the osseous defect in 9 (82%) of 11 cases. In the remaining 2 (18%) of 11 cases, CT minimally overestimated the size of the osseous defect by only 3 mm.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;CONCLUSION:&lt;/b&gt; Axial images, and coronal, sagittal, and oblique MPR images generated from high-resolution axial CT performed well preoperatively, localizing the skull base defect responsible for the CSF leak. However, active manipulation of the axial dataset at a workstation is crucial in identifying and correctly describing these lesions. When submillimeter collimation is available, measurement of the osseous defects are accurate most of the time.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="V. La Fata" />
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<meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery;citation_journal_abbrev=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg;citation_title=Prophylactic Antibiotics for Posttraumatic Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistulae: A Meta-analysis;citation_pages=749-752;citation_volume=123;citation_year=1997;citation_issue=7;citation_issn=0003-9977;citation_pmid=9236597;citation_doi=10.1001/archotol.1997.01900070093016" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="CSF Leaks: Correlation of High-Resolution CT and Multiplanar Reformations with Intraoperative Endoscopic Findings" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Skull base defects can result in CSF leaks, with meningitis as a potential complication. Surgeons are now routinely repairing these leaks via a nasal endoscopic approach. Accurate preoperative imaging is essential for surgical planning. A variety of imaging regimens have been employed, including axial and direct coronal CT, CT cisternography with iodinated contrast, radionuclide cisternography, and MR imaging. Now that multidetector helical CT is available, the purpose of this study was to determine how well coronal and sagittal multiplanar reformatted (MPR) images generated from a high-resolution axial dataset correlate with intraoperative findings in a group of patients with clinically proved CSF leaks.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed imaging findings and surgical records of 19 patients who presented to our tertiary care institution during a 2.5-year period with clinically proved CSF leak. Patients underwent preoperative imaging with high-resolution helical CT (section collimation, 10 patients with 0.625-mm and 9 patients with 1.25-mm images), with MPR images processed by a neuroradiologist at a workstation. Two neuroradiologists, blinded to the intraoperative findings, determined the location and size of the skull base defects. All patients underwent endoscopic evaluation by an experienced sinonasal otolaryngologist, who confirmed the site of the CSF leak by direct inspection and measured the corresponding osseous defect. CT was considered accurate if it correctly localized the CSF leak and was within 2 mm of the endoscopic measurement.

RESULTS: At endoscopy, 22 leaks of CSF were identified in 18 of 19 patients. CT correctly predicted the site of the leak in 20 (91%) of 22 cases and was accurate (within 2 mm of the endoscopic measurement) in 15 (75%) of 20 cases preoperatively localized. The CT measurement of the skull base defect differed from the endoscopic size in 5 (25%) of 20 cases, ranging from 7.4 mm below to 13 mm above the intraoperative measurement. When analysis was limited to the subgroup of 10 patients who had 0.625-mm axial images, the accuracy was improved, and of the 11 CSF leaks described at CT, all were verified at endoscopy. In addition, the submillimeter CT accurately measured the size of the osseous defect in 9 (82%) of 11 cases. In the remaining 2 (18%) of 11 cases, CT minimally overestimated the size of the osseous defect by only 3 mm.

CONCLUSION: Axial images, and coronal, sagittal, and oblique MPR images generated from high-resolution axial CT performed well preoperatively, localizing the skull base defect responsible for the CSF leak. However, active manipulation of the axial dataset at a workstation is crucial in identifying and correctly describing these lesions. When submillimeter collimation is available, measurement of the osseous defects are accurate most of the time." />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="CSF Leaks: Correlation of High-Resolution CT and Multiplanar Reformations with Intraoperative Endoscopic Findings" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/29/3/536" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Skull base defects can result in CSF leaks, with meningitis as a potential complication. Surgeons are now routinely repairing these leaks via a nasal endoscopic approach. Accurate preoperative imaging is essential for surgical planning. A variety of imaging regimens have been employed, including axial and direct coronal CT, CT cisternography with iodinated contrast, radionuclide cisternography, and MR imaging. Now that multidetector helical CT is available, the purpose of this study was to determine how well coronal and sagittal multiplanar reformatted (MPR) images generated from a high-resolution axial dataset correlate with intraoperative findings in a group of patients with clinically proved CSF leaks.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed imaging findings and surgical records of 19 patients who presented to our tertiary care institution during a 2.5-year period with clinically proved CSF leak. Patients underwent preoperative imaging with high-resolution helical CT (section collimation, 10 patients with 0.625-mm and 9 patients with 1.25-mm images), with MPR images processed by a neuroradiologist at a workstation. Two neuroradiologists, blinded to the intraoperative findings, determined the location and size of the skull base defects. All patients underwent endoscopic evaluation by an experienced sinonasal otolaryngologist, who confirmed the site of the CSF leak by direct inspection and measured the corresponding osseous defect. CT was considered accurate if it correctly localized the CSF leak and was within 2 mm of the endoscopic measurement.

RESULTS: At endoscopy, 22 leaks of CSF were identified in 18 of 19 patients. CT correctly predicted the site of the leak in 20 (91%) of 22 cases and was accurate (within 2 mm of the endoscopic measurement) in 15 (75%) of 20 cases preoperatively localized. The CT measurement of the skull base defect differed from the endoscopic size in 5 (25%) of 20 cases, ranging from 7.4 mm below to 13 mm above the intraoperative measurement. When analysis was limited to the subgroup of 10 patients who had 0.625-mm axial images, the accuracy was improved, and of the 11 CSF leaks described at CT, all were verified at endoscopy. In addition, the submillimeter CT accurately measured the size of the osseous defect in 9 (82%) of 11 cases. In the remaining 2 (18%) of 11 cases, CT minimally overestimated the size of the osseous defect by only 3 mm.

CONCLUSION: Axial images, and coronal, sagittal, and oblique MPR images generated from high-resolution axial CT performed well preoperatively, localizing the skull base defect responsible for the CSF leak. However, active manipulation of the axial dataset at a workstation is crucial in identifying and correctly describing these lesions. When submillimeter collimation is available, measurement of the osseous defects are accurate most of the time." />
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">V. La Fata</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">N. McLean</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">S.K. Wise</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">J.M. DelGaudio</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">P.A. Hudgins</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">March 2008,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">29 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(3) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">536-541; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A0885 </span></div>
  
  
  
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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 29</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 3 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">March 2008 </div></div>
      
      
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">V.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">La Fata</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">N.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">McLean</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.K.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wise</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">DelGaudio</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hudgins</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Mar 2008, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">29 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(3) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">536-541; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A0885 </span></div>
  
  
  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">CSF Leaks: Correlation of High-Resolution CT and Multiplanar Reformations with Intraoperative Endoscopic Findings</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">V.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">La Fata</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">N.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">McLean</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.K.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wise</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">DelGaudio</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hudgins</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Mar 2008, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">29 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(3) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">536-541; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A0885 </span></div>
  
  
  
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