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<meta name="DC.Title" content="MR−Based Molecular Imaging of the Brain: The Next Frontier" />
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<meta name="DC.Date" content="2010-10-01" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="SUMMARY: In the foreseeable future, the MI field could greatly assist neuroradiologists. Reporter molecules provide information on specific molecular or cellular events that could not only aid diagnosis but potentially differentiate stages of disorders and treatments. To accomplish this, reporter molecules literally need to pass a barrier, the BBB, which is designed to repel nonessential molecules from the brain. Although this is not a trivial task, several transport systems could be tricked into guiding molecules into the brain. The noninvasive nature in conjunction with a wide availability makes MR imaging particularly suitable for longitudinal neurologic imaging studies. This review explains the principles of MR imaging contrast, delineates different types of reporter molecules, and describes strategies to transport reporters into the brain. It also discusses recent advances in MR imaging hardware, pulse sequences, the development of targeted reporter probes, and future directions of the MR neuroimaging field.

AD
:   Alzheimer disease
BBB
:   blood-brain barrier
CA
:   contrast agent
CEST
:   chemical exchange saturation transfer
CLIO
:   cross-linked iron oxide
CNS
:   central nervous system
DMSO
:   dimethyl sulfoxide
Eu-DOTA
:   europium tetra-azacyclododecane tetraacetic acid
18F
:   fluorine-18
19F
:   fluorine-19
FDG
:   fluorodeoxyglucose
Gd
:   gadolinium
Gd3+
:   gadolinium 3+
1H-MR imaging
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LRP
:   lysine rich protein
MI
:   molecular imaging
MION
:   monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticle
Mn2+
:   manganese 2+
MRS
:   magnetic resonance spectroscopy
MW
:   molecular weight
31P
:   phosphorus-31
PARACEST
:   chemical exchange saturation transfer using paramagnetic ions
PEG
:   polyethylene glycol
PET
:   positron-emission tomography
RNA
:   ribonucleic acid
SPIO
:   superparamagnetic iron oxide
T1
:   longitudinal relaxation time
T2
:   transverse relaxation time due to spin-spin interactions (irreversible effect)
T2*
:   transverse relaxation time due to spin-spin interactions and local inhomogeneities (partly reversible)
USPIO
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&lt;p&gt;In the foreseeable future, the MI field could greatly assist neuroradiologists. Reporter molecules provide information on specific molecular or cellular events that could not only aid diagnosis but potentially differentiate stages of disorders and treatments. To accomplish this, reporter molecules literally need to pass a barrier, the BBB, which is designed to repel nonessential molecules from the brain. Although this is not a trivial task, several transport systems could be tricked into guiding molecules into the brain. The noninvasive nature in conjunction with a wide availability makes MR imaging particularly suitable for longitudinal neurologic imaging studies. This review explains the principles of MR imaging contrast, delineates different types of reporter molecules, and describes strategies to transport reporters into the brain. It also discusses recent advances in MR imaging hardware, pulse sequences, the development of targeted reporter probes, and future directions of the MR neuroimaging field.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="MR−Based Molecular Imaging of the Brain: The Next Frontier" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="SUMMARY: In the foreseeable future, the MI field could greatly assist neuroradiologists. Reporter molecules provide information on specific molecular or cellular events that could not only aid diagnosis but potentially differentiate stages of disorders and treatments. To accomplish this, reporter molecules literally need to pass a barrier, the BBB, which is designed to repel nonessential molecules from the brain. Although this is not a trivial task, several transport systems could be tricked into guiding molecules into the brain. The noninvasive nature in conjunction with a wide availability makes MR imaging particularly suitable for longitudinal neurologic imaging studies. This review explains the principles of MR imaging contrast, delineates different types of reporter molecules, and describes strategies to transport reporters into the brain. It also discusses recent advances in MR imaging hardware, pulse sequences, the development of targeted reporter probes, and future directions of the MR neuroimaging field.

AD
:   Alzheimer disease
BBB
:   blood-brain barrier
CA
:   contrast agent
CEST
:   chemical exchange saturation transfer
CLIO
:   cross-linked iron oxide
CNS
:   central nervous system
DMSO
:   dimethyl sulfoxide
Eu-DOTA
:   europium tetra-azacyclododecane tetraacetic acid
18F
:   fluorine-18
19F
:   fluorine-19
FDG
:   fluorodeoxyglucose
Gd
:   gadolinium
Gd3+
:   gadolinium 3+
1H-MR imaging
:   proton MR imaging
LRP
:   lysine rich protein
MI
:   molecular imaging
MION
:   monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticle
Mn2+
:   manganese 2+
MRS
:   magnetic resonance spectroscopy
MW
:   molecular weight
31P
:   phosphorus-31
PARACEST
:   chemical exchange saturation transfer using paramagnetic ions
PEG
:   polyethylene glycol
PET
:   positron-emission tomography
RNA
:   ribonucleic acid
SPIO
:   superparamagnetic iron oxide
T1
:   longitudinal relaxation time
T2
:   transverse relaxation time due to spin-spin interactions (irreversible effect)
T2*
:   transverse relaxation time due to spin-spin interactions and local inhomogeneities (partly reversible)
USPIO
:   ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="MR−Based Molecular Imaging of the Brain: The Next Frontier" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/31/9/1577" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="SUMMARY: In the foreseeable future, the MI field could greatly assist neuroradiologists. Reporter molecules provide information on specific molecular or cellular events that could not only aid diagnosis but potentially differentiate stages of disorders and treatments. To accomplish this, reporter molecules literally need to pass a barrier, the BBB, which is designed to repel nonessential molecules from the brain. Although this is not a trivial task, several transport systems could be tricked into guiding molecules into the brain. The noninvasive nature in conjunction with a wide availability makes MR imaging particularly suitable for longitudinal neurologic imaging studies. This review explains the principles of MR imaging contrast, delineates different types of reporter molecules, and describes strategies to transport reporters into the brain. It also discusses recent advances in MR imaging hardware, pulse sequences, the development of targeted reporter probes, and future directions of the MR neuroimaging field.

AD
:   Alzheimer disease
BBB
:   blood-brain barrier
CA
:   contrast agent
CEST
:   chemical exchange saturation transfer
CLIO
:   cross-linked iron oxide
CNS
:   central nervous system
DMSO
:   dimethyl sulfoxide
Eu-DOTA
:   europium tetra-azacyclododecane tetraacetic acid
18F
:   fluorine-18
19F
:   fluorine-19
FDG
:   fluorodeoxyglucose
Gd
:   gadolinium
Gd3+
:   gadolinium 3+
1H-MR imaging
:   proton MR imaging
LRP
:   lysine rich protein
MI
:   molecular imaging
MION
:   monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticle
Mn2+
:   manganese 2+
MRS
:   magnetic resonance spectroscopy
MW
:   molecular weight
31P
:   phosphorus-31
PARACEST
:   chemical exchange saturation transfer using paramagnetic ions
PEG
:   polyethylene glycol
PET
:   positron-emission tomography
RNA
:   ribonucleic acid
SPIO
:   superparamagnetic iron oxide
T1
:   longitudinal relaxation time
T2
:   transverse relaxation time due to spin-spin interactions (irreversible effect)
T2*
:   transverse relaxation time due to spin-spin interactions and local inhomogeneities (partly reversible)
USPIO
:   ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide" />
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-10062--61118636624" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M.E. de Backer </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.E.%2Bde%2BBacker%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=de%20Backer%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.E.%2Bde%2BBacker%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R.J.A. Nabuurs </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R.J.A.%2BNabuurs%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Nabuurs%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AR.J.A.%2BNabuurs%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M.A. van Buchem </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.A.%2Bvan%2BBuchem%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=van%20Buchem%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.A.%2Bvan%2BBuchem%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">L. van der Weerd </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=L.%2Bvan%2Bder%2BWeerd%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=van%20der%20Weerd%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AL.%2Bvan%2Bder%2BWeerd%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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<p id="p-2"><strong>SUMMARY:</strong> In the foreseeable future, the MI field could greatly assist neuroradiologists. Reporter molecules provide information on specific molecular or cellular events that could not only aid diagnosis but potentially differentiate stages of disorders and treatments. To accomplish this, reporter molecules literally need to pass a barrier, the BBB, which is designed to repel nonessential molecules from the brain. Although this is not a trivial task, several transport systems could be tricked into guiding molecules into the brain. The noninvasive nature in conjunction with a wide availability makes MR imaging particularly suitable for longitudinal neurologic imaging studies. This review explains the principles of MR imaging contrast, delineates different types of reporter molecules, and describes strategies to transport reporters into the brain. It also discusses recent advances in MR imaging hardware, pulse sequences, the development of targeted reporter probes, and future directions of the MR neuroimaging field.</p>
</div></div><div class="section glossary" id="glossary-1"><h2>Abbreviations</h2><dl id="def-list-1"><dt id="def-item-1">AD<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>Alzheimer disease<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-2">BBB<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>blood-brain barrier<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-3">CA<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>contrast agent<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-4">CEST<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>chemical exchange saturation transfer<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-5">CLIO<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>cross-linked iron oxide<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-6">CNS<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>central nervous system<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-7">DMSO<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>dimethyl sulfoxide<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-8">Eu-DOTA<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>europium tetra-azacyclododecane tetraacetic acid<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-9"><sup>18</sup>F<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>fluorine-18<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-10"><sup>19</sup>F<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>fluorine-19<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-11">FDG<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>fluorodeoxyglucose<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-12">Gd<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>gadolinium<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-13">Gd<sup>3+</sup><span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>gadolinium 3+<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-14"><sup>1</sup>H-MR imaging<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>proton MR imaging<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-15">LRP<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>lysine rich protein<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-16">MI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>molecular imaging<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-17">MION<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticle<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-18">Mn<sup>2+</sup><span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>manganese 2+<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-19"> MRS<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>magnetic resonance spectroscopy<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-20">MW<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>molecular weight<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-21"><sup>31</sup>P<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>phosphorus-31<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-22">PARACEST<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>chemical exchange saturation transfer using paramagnetic ions<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-23">PEG<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>polyethylene glycol<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-24">PET<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>positron-emission tomography<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-25">RNA<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>ribonucleic acid<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-26">SPIO<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>superparamagnetic iron oxide<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-27">T1<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>longitudinal relaxation time<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-28">T2<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>transverse relaxation time due to spin-spin interactions (irreversible effect)<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-29">T2*<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>transverse relaxation time due to spin-spin interactions and local inhomogeneities (partly reversible)<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-30">USPIO<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide</dd></dl></div><ul class="copyright-statement"><li class="fn" id="copyright-statement-1">Copyright © American Society of Neuroradiology</li></ul><div class="license" id="license-1"><p id="p-1">Indicates open access to non-subscribers at <a href="http://www.ajnr.org">www.ajnr.org</a></p></div><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"></span></div><span class="related-urls"></span></div><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/31/9/1577.full" class="hw-link hw-link-article-full-text" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">View Full Text</a></div>  </div>

  
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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 31</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 9 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Oct 2010 </div></div>
      
      
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