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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Brain Iron Quantification in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Magnetic Field Correlation Study" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A2637" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2011-11-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="open-access" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Experimental studies have suggested a role for iron accumulation in the pathology of TBI. Magnetic field correlation MR imaging is sensitive to the presence of non-heme iron. The aims of this study are to 1) assess the presence, if any, and the extent of iron deposition in the deep gray matter and regional white matter of patients with mTBI by using MFC MR imaging; and 2) investigate the association of regional brain iron deposition with cognitive and behavioral performance of patients with mTBI.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 28 patients with mTBI. Eighteen healthy subjects served as controls. The subjects were administered the Stroop color word test, the Verbal Fluency Task, and the Post-Concussion Symptoms Scale. The MR imaging protocol (on a 3T imager) consisted of conventional brain imaging and MFC sequences. After the calculation of parametric maps, MFC was measured by using a region of interest approach. MFC values across groups were compared by using analysis of covariance, and the relationship of MFC values and neuropsychological tests were evaluated by using Spearman correlations.

RESULTS: Compared with controls, patients with mTBI demonstrated significant higher MFC values in the globus pallidus ( P = .002) and in the thalamus ( P = .036). In patients with mTBI, Stroop test scores were associated with the MFC value in frontal white matter ( r = −0.38, P = .043).

CONCLUSIONS: MFC values were significantly elevated in the thalamus and globus pallidus of patients with mTBI, suggesting increased accumulation of iron. This supports the hypothesis that deep gray matter is a site of injury in mTBI and suggests a possible role for iron accumulation in the pathophysiological events after mTBI.

DAI
:   diffuse axonal injury
EPI
:   echo-planar imaging
FSE
:   fast spin-echo
GCS
:   Glasgow Coma Scale
GE
:   gradient-echo
MFC
:   magnetic field correlation
MFI
:   microscopic field inhomogeneity
MPRAGE
:   magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition of gradient echo
mTBI
:   mild traumatic brain injury
PCS
:   postconcussive syndrome
PCSS
:   Post-Concussion Symptoms Scale
ROI
:   region of interest
TBI
:   traumatic brain injury
VFT
:   Verbal Fluency Test" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E. Raz" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J.H. Jensen" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Y. Ge" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J.S. Babb" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="L. Miles" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J. Reaume" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R.I. Grossman" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Inglese" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2011-11-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Brain" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Brain Iron Quantification in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Magnetic Field Correlation Study" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Experimental studies have suggested a role for iron accumulation in the pathology of TBI. Magnetic field correlation MR imaging is sensitive to the presence of non-heme iron. The aims of this study are to 1) assess the presence, if any, and the extent of iron deposition in the deep gray matter and regional white matter of patients with mTBI by using MFC MR imaging; and 2) investigate the association of regional brain iron deposition with cognitive and behavioral performance of patients with mTBI.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We prospectively enrolled 28 patients with mTBI. Eighteen healthy subjects served as controls. The subjects were administered the Stroop color word test, the Verbal Fluency Task, and the Post-Concussion Symptoms Scale. The MR imaging protocol (on a 3T imager) consisted of conventional brain imaging and MFC sequences. After the calculation of parametric maps, MFC was measured by using a region of interest approach. MFC values across groups were compared by using analysis of covariance, and the relationship of MFC values and neuropsychological tests were evaluated by using Spearman correlations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Compared with controls, patients with mTBI demonstrated significant higher MFC values in the globus pallidus (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .002) and in the thalamus (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .036). In patients with mTBI, Stroop test scores were associated with the MFC value in frontal white matter (&lt;i&gt;r&lt;/i&gt; = −0.38, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .043).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;MFC values were significantly elevated in the thalamus and globus pallidus of patients with mTBI, suggesting increased accumulation of iron. This supports the hypothesis that deep gray matter is a site of injury in mTBI and suggests a possible role for iron accumulation in the pathophysiological events after mTBI.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Brain Iron Quantification in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Magnetic Field Correlation Study" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Experimental studies have suggested a role for iron accumulation in the pathology of TBI. Magnetic field correlation MR imaging is sensitive to the presence of non-heme iron. The aims of this study are to 1) assess the presence, if any, and the extent of iron deposition in the deep gray matter and regional white matter of patients with mTBI by using MFC MR imaging; and 2) investigate the association of regional brain iron deposition with cognitive and behavioral performance of patients with mTBI.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 28 patients with mTBI. Eighteen healthy subjects served as controls. The subjects were administered the Stroop color word test, the Verbal Fluency Task, and the Post-Concussion Symptoms Scale. The MR imaging protocol (on a 3T imager) consisted of conventional brain imaging and MFC sequences. After the calculation of parametric maps, MFC was measured by using a region of interest approach. MFC values across groups were compared by using analysis of covariance, and the relationship of MFC values and neuropsychological tests were evaluated by using Spearman correlations.

RESULTS: Compared with controls, patients with mTBI demonstrated significant higher MFC values in the globus pallidus ( P = .002) and in the thalamus ( P = .036). In patients with mTBI, Stroop test scores were associated with the MFC value in frontal white matter ( r = −0.38, P = .043).

CONCLUSIONS: MFC values were significantly elevated in the thalamus and globus pallidus of patients with mTBI, suggesting increased accumulation of iron. This supports the hypothesis that deep gray matter is a site of injury in mTBI and suggests a possible role for iron accumulation in the pathophysiological events after mTBI.

DAI
:   diffuse axonal injury
EPI
:   echo-planar imaging
FSE
:   fast spin-echo
GCS
:   Glasgow Coma Scale
GE
:   gradient-echo
MFC
:   magnetic field correlation
MFI
:   microscopic field inhomogeneity
MPRAGE
:   magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition of gradient echo
mTBI
:   mild traumatic brain injury
PCS
:   postconcussive syndrome
PCSS
:   Post-Concussion Symptoms Scale
ROI
:   region of interest
TBI
:   traumatic brain injury
VFT
:   Verbal Fluency Test" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Brain Iron Quantification in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Magnetic Field Correlation Study" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/32/10/1851" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Experimental studies have suggested a role for iron accumulation in the pathology of TBI. Magnetic field correlation MR imaging is sensitive to the presence of non-heme iron. The aims of this study are to 1) assess the presence, if any, and the extent of iron deposition in the deep gray matter and regional white matter of patients with mTBI by using MFC MR imaging; and 2) investigate the association of regional brain iron deposition with cognitive and behavioral performance of patients with mTBI.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 28 patients with mTBI. Eighteen healthy subjects served as controls. The subjects were administered the Stroop color word test, the Verbal Fluency Task, and the Post-Concussion Symptoms Scale. The MR imaging protocol (on a 3T imager) consisted of conventional brain imaging and MFC sequences. After the calculation of parametric maps, MFC was measured by using a region of interest approach. MFC values across groups were compared by using analysis of covariance, and the relationship of MFC values and neuropsychological tests were evaluated by using Spearman correlations.

RESULTS: Compared with controls, patients with mTBI demonstrated significant higher MFC values in the globus pallidus ( P = .002) and in the thalamus ( P = .036). In patients with mTBI, Stroop test scores were associated with the MFC value in frontal white matter ( r = −0.38, P = .043).

CONCLUSIONS: MFC values were significantly elevated in the thalamus and globus pallidus of patients with mTBI, suggesting increased accumulation of iron. This supports the hypothesis that deep gray matter is a site of injury in mTBI and suggests a possible role for iron accumulation in the pathophysiological events after mTBI.

DAI
:   diffuse axonal injury
EPI
:   echo-planar imaging
FSE
:   fast spin-echo
GCS
:   Glasgow Coma Scale
GE
:   gradient-echo
MFC
:   magnetic field correlation
MFI
:   microscopic field inhomogeneity
MPRAGE
:   magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition of gradient echo
mTBI
:   mild traumatic brain injury
PCS
:   postconcussive syndrome
PCSS
:   Post-Concussion Symptoms Scale
ROI
:   region of interest
TBI
:   traumatic brain injury
VFT
:   Verbal Fluency Test" />
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Brain Iron Quantification in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Magnetic Field Correlation Study</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">E. Raz</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">J.H. Jensen</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">Y. Ge</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">J.S. Babb</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">L. Miles</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">J. Reaume</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">R.I. Grossman</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">M. Inglese</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">November 2011,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">32 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(10) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1851-1856; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A2637 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-12238--61540618335" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E. Raz </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=E.%2BRaz%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Raz%20E&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AE.%2BRaz%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J.H. 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<p id="p-2"><strong>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:</strong> Experimental studies have suggested a role for iron accumulation in the pathology of TBI. Magnetic field correlation MR imaging is sensitive to the presence of non-heme iron. The aims of this study are to 1) assess the presence, if any, and the extent of iron deposition in the deep gray matter and regional white matter of patients with mTBI by using MFC MR imaging; and 2) investigate the association of regional brain iron deposition with cognitive and behavioral performance of patients with mTBI.</p>
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<p id="p-3"><strong>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</strong> We prospectively enrolled 28 patients with mTBI. Eighteen healthy subjects served as controls. The subjects were administered the Stroop color word test, the Verbal Fluency Task, and the Post-Concussion Symptoms Scale. The MR imaging protocol (on a 3T imager) consisted of conventional brain imaging and MFC sequences. After the calculation of parametric maps, MFC was measured by using a region of interest approach. MFC values across groups were compared by using analysis of covariance, and the relationship of MFC values and neuropsychological tests were evaluated by using Spearman correlations.</p> 
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<p id="p-4"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Compared with controls, patients with mTBI demonstrated significant higher MFC values in the globus pallidus (<em>P</em> = .002) and in the thalamus (<em>P</em> = .036). In patients with mTBI, Stroop test scores were associated with the MFC value in frontal white matter (<em>r</em> = −0.38, <em>P</em> = .043).</p>
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<p id="p-5"><strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> MFC values were significantly elevated in the thalamus and globus pallidus of patients with mTBI, suggesting increased accumulation of iron. This supports the hypothesis that deep gray matter is a site of injury in mTBI and suggests a possible role for iron accumulation in the pathophysiological events after mTBI.</p>
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<h2>Abbreviations</h2>
<dl id="def-list-1"><dt id="def-item-1">DAI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>diffuse axonal injury<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-2">EPI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>echo-planar imaging<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-3">FSE<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>fast spin-echo<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-4">GCS<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>Glasgow Coma Scale<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-5">GE<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>gradient-echo<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-6">MFC<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>magnetic field correlation<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-7">MFI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>microscopic field inhomogeneity<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-8">MPRAGE<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition of gradient echo<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-9">mTBI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>mild traumatic brain injury<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-10">PCS<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>postconcussive syndrome<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-11">PCSS<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>Post-Concussion Symptoms Scale<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-12">ROI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>region of interest<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-13">TBI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>traumatic brain injury<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-14">VFT<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>Verbal Fluency Test</dd></dl></div><ul class="copyright-statement"><li class="fn" id="copyright-statement-1">© 2011 by American Journal of Neuroradiology</li></ul><div class="license" id="license-1"><p id="p-1">Indicates open access to non-subscribers at <a href="http://www.ajnr.org">www.ajnr.org</a></p></div><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"></span></div><span class="related-urls"></span></div><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/32/10/1851.full" class="hw-link hw-link-article-full-text" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">View Full Text</a></div>  </div>

  
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