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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Functional MR Imaging Evidence of Altered Functional Activation in Metabolic Syndrome" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A2315" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2011-03-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MetS is a cluster of risk factors associated with significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and diminished cognitive function. Given that little is known about the early signs of brain vulnerability related to persistent metabolic dysfunction, we set out to determine whether cognitively healthy middle-aged individuals with MetS exhibit an altered cerebrovascular response to a cognitive challenge relative to those without MetS.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty neurologically healthy adults aged 40–60 years (19 with MetS and 21 healthy controls) performed a 2-back verbal working memory task during fMRI. We compared BOLD responses between the 2 groups in 8 a priori regions of interest previously shown to be associated with the 2-back in patients with cardiovascular disease.

RESULTS: Age, education level, sex distribution, cognitive and emotional functioning, and task performance (accuracy and reaction time) were not different between the groups. Compared with healthy controls, individuals with MetS demonstrated a lower 2-back–related BOLD response in the right superior frontal gyrus, right superior parietal lobule, and left inferior parietal lobule.

CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence that cognitively intact middle-aged individuals with MetS exhibit significant alterations in cerebrovascular response to a cognitive challenge. Our results also demonstrate that fMRI may identify early brain changes associated with MetS.

AD
:   Alzheimer disease
AFNI
:   Analysis of Functional NeuroImages
BMI
:   body mass index
BOLD
:   blood oxygen level–dependent
CVLT-II
:   California Verbal Learning Test-II
EPI
:   echo-planar imaging
fMRI
:   functional MR imaging
HDL cholesterol
:   high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
HIV
:   human immunodeficiency virus
IQ
:   intelligence quotient
LDL cholesterol
:   low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
MetS
:   metabolic syndrome
MMSE
:   Mini-Mental Status Examination
MS
:   multiple sclerosis
RCF
:   Rey Complex Figure Test
WASI
:   Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
WM
:   white matter" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="K.F. Hoth" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M.M. Gonzales" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="T. Tarumi" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.C. Miles" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="H. Tanaka" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A.P. Haley" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2011-03-01" />
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<meta name="citation_title" content="Functional MR Imaging Evidence of Altered Functional Activation in Metabolic Syndrome" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;MetS is a cluster of risk factors associated with significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and diminished cognitive function. Given that little is known about the early signs of brain vulnerability related to persistent metabolic dysfunction, we set out to determine whether cognitively healthy middle-aged individuals with MetS exhibit an altered cerebrovascular response to a cognitive challenge relative to those without MetS.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Forty neurologically healthy adults aged 40–60 years (19 with MetS and 21 healthy controls) performed a 2-back verbal working memory task during fMRI. We compared BOLD responses between the 2 groups in 8 a priori regions of interest previously shown to be associated with the 2-back in patients with cardiovascular disease.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Age, education level, sex distribution, cognitive and emotional functioning, and task performance (accuracy and reaction time) were not different between the groups. Compared with healthy controls, individuals with MetS demonstrated a lower 2-back–related BOLD response in the right superior frontal gyrus, right superior parietal lobule, and left inferior parietal lobule.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This study provides preliminary evidence that cognitively intact middle-aged individuals with MetS exhibit significant alterations in cerebrovascular response to a cognitive challenge. Our results also demonstrate that fMRI may identify early brain changes associated with MetS.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Functional MR Imaging Evidence of Altered Functional Activation in Metabolic Syndrome" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MetS is a cluster of risk factors associated with significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and diminished cognitive function. Given that little is known about the early signs of brain vulnerability related to persistent metabolic dysfunction, we set out to determine whether cognitively healthy middle-aged individuals with MetS exhibit an altered cerebrovascular response to a cognitive challenge relative to those without MetS.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty neurologically healthy adults aged 40–60 years (19 with MetS and 21 healthy controls) performed a 2-back verbal working memory task during fMRI. We compared BOLD responses between the 2 groups in 8 a priori regions of interest previously shown to be associated with the 2-back in patients with cardiovascular disease.

RESULTS: Age, education level, sex distribution, cognitive and emotional functioning, and task performance (accuracy and reaction time) were not different between the groups. Compared with healthy controls, individuals with MetS demonstrated a lower 2-back–related BOLD response in the right superior frontal gyrus, right superior parietal lobule, and left inferior parietal lobule.

CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence that cognitively intact middle-aged individuals with MetS exhibit significant alterations in cerebrovascular response to a cognitive challenge. Our results also demonstrate that fMRI may identify early brain changes associated with MetS.

AD
:   Alzheimer disease
AFNI
:   Analysis of Functional NeuroImages
BMI
:   body mass index
BOLD
:   blood oxygen level–dependent
CVLT-II
:   California Verbal Learning Test-II
EPI
:   echo-planar imaging
fMRI
:   functional MR imaging
HDL cholesterol
:   high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
HIV
:   human immunodeficiency virus
IQ
:   intelligence quotient
LDL cholesterol
:   low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
MetS
:   metabolic syndrome
MMSE
:   Mini-Mental Status Examination
MS
:   multiple sclerosis
RCF
:   Rey Complex Figure Test
WASI
:   Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
WM
:   white matter" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Functional MR Imaging Evidence of Altered Functional Activation in Metabolic Syndrome" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/32/3/541" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MetS is a cluster of risk factors associated with significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and diminished cognitive function. Given that little is known about the early signs of brain vulnerability related to persistent metabolic dysfunction, we set out to determine whether cognitively healthy middle-aged individuals with MetS exhibit an altered cerebrovascular response to a cognitive challenge relative to those without MetS.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty neurologically healthy adults aged 40–60 years (19 with MetS and 21 healthy controls) performed a 2-back verbal working memory task during fMRI. We compared BOLD responses between the 2 groups in 8 a priori regions of interest previously shown to be associated with the 2-back in patients with cardiovascular disease.

RESULTS: Age, education level, sex distribution, cognitive and emotional functioning, and task performance (accuracy and reaction time) were not different between the groups. Compared with healthy controls, individuals with MetS demonstrated a lower 2-back–related BOLD response in the right superior frontal gyrus, right superior parietal lobule, and left inferior parietal lobule.

CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence that cognitively intact middle-aged individuals with MetS exhibit significant alterations in cerebrovascular response to a cognitive challenge. Our results also demonstrate that fMRI may identify early brain changes associated with MetS.

AD
:   Alzheimer disease
AFNI
:   Analysis of Functional NeuroImages
BMI
:   body mass index
BOLD
:   blood oxygen level–dependent
CVLT-II
:   California Verbal Learning Test-II
EPI
:   echo-planar imaging
fMRI
:   functional MR imaging
HDL cholesterol
:   high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
HIV
:   human immunodeficiency virus
IQ
:   intelligence quotient
LDL cholesterol
:   low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
MetS
:   metabolic syndrome
MMSE
:   Mini-Mental Status Examination
MS
:   multiple sclerosis
RCF
:   Rey Complex Figure Test
WASI
:   Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
WM
:   white matter" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node9395--5" data-node-nid="9395" id="top-node-9395--61278742290" data-pisa="ajnr;32/3/541" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A2315" data-apath="/ajnr/32/3/541.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Functional</span></span></div>
  
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Functional MR Imaging Evidence of Altered Functional Activation in Metabolic Syndrome</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">K.F. Hoth</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">M.M. Gonzales</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">T. Tarumi</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">S.C. Miles</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">H. Tanaka</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">A.P. Haley</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">March 2011,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">32 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(3) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">541-547; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A2315 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-9395--61278742290" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">K.F. Hoth </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=K.F.%2BHoth%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Hoth%20K&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AK.F.%2BHoth%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M.M. 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<p id="p-2"><strong>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:</strong> MetS is a cluster of risk factors associated with significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and diminished cognitive function. Given that little is known about the early signs of brain vulnerability related to persistent metabolic dysfunction, we set out to determine whether cognitively healthy middle-aged individuals with MetS exhibit an altered cerebrovascular response to a cognitive challenge relative to those without MetS.</p>
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<p id="p-3"><strong>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</strong> Forty neurologically healthy adults aged 40–60 years (19 with MetS and 21 healthy controls) performed a 2-back verbal working memory task during fMRI. We compared BOLD responses between the 2 groups in 8 a priori regions of interest previously shown to be associated with the 2-back in patients with cardiovascular disease.</p>
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<p id="p-4"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Age, education level, sex distribution, cognitive and emotional functioning, and task performance (accuracy and reaction time) were not different between the groups. Compared with healthy controls, individuals with MetS demonstrated a lower 2-back–related BOLD response in the right superior frontal gyrus, right superior parietal lobule, and left inferior parietal lobule.</p>
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<p id="p-5"><strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> This study provides preliminary evidence that cognitively intact middle-aged individuals with MetS exhibit significant alterations in cerebrovascular response to a cognitive challenge. Our results also demonstrate that fMRI may identify early brain changes associated with MetS.</p>
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</div><div class="section glossary" id="glossary-1"><h2>Abbreviations</h2><dl id="def-list-1"><dt id="def-item-1">AD<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>Alzheimer disease<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-2">AFNI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>Analysis of Functional NeuroImages<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-3">BMI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>body mass index<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-4">BOLD<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>blood oxygen level–dependent<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-5">CVLT-II<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>California Verbal Learning Test-II<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-6">EPI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>echo-planar imaging<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-7">fMRI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>functional MR imaging<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-8">HDL cholesterol<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>high-density lipoprotein cholesterol<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-9">HIV<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>human immunodeficiency virus<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-10">IQ<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>intelligence quotient<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-11">LDL cholesterol<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>low-density lipoprotein cholesterol<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-12">MetS<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>metabolic syndrome<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-13">MMSE<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>Mini-Mental Status Examination<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-14">MS<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>multiple sclerosis<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-15">RCF<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>Rey Complex Figure Test<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-16">WASI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-17">WM<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>white matter</dd></dl></div><ul class="copyright-statement"><li class="fn" id="copyright-statement-1">Copyright © American Society of Neuroradiology</li></ul><div class="license" id="license-1"><p id="p-1">Indicates open access to non-subscribers at <a href="http://www.ajnr.org">www.ajnr.org</a></p></div><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"></span></div><span class="related-urls"></span></div><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/32/3/541.full" class="hw-link hw-link-article-full-text" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">View Full Text</a></div>  </div>

  
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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 32</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 3 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Mar 2011 </div></div>
      
      
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