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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Reduced Field-of-View Diffusion Imaging of the Human Spinal Cord: Comparison with Conventional Single-Shot Echo-Planar Imaging" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A2418" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2011-05-01" />
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<meta name="DC.Rights" content="Copyright © American Society of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="restricted" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: DWI of the spinal cord is challenging because of its small size and artifacts associated with the most commonly used clinical imaging method, SS-EPI. We evaluated the performance of rFOV spinal cord DWI and compared it with the routine fFOV SS-EPI in a clinical population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six clinical patients underwent 1.5T MR imaging examination that included rFOV SS-EPI DWI of the cervical spinal cord as well as 2 comparison diffusion sequences: fFOV SS-EPI DWI normalized for either image readout time (low-resolution fFOV) or spatial resolution (high-resolution fFOV). ADC maps were created and compared between the methods by using single-factor analysis of variance. Two neuroradiologists blinded to sequence type rated the 3 DWI methods, based on susceptibility artifacts, perceived spatial resolution, signal intensity–to-noise ratio, anatomic detail, and clinical utility.

RESULTS: ADC values for the rFOV and both fFOV sequences were not statistically different (rFOV: 1.01 ± 0.18 × 10−3 mm2/s; low-resolution fFOV: 1.12 ± 0.22 × 10−3 mm2/s; high-resolution fFOV: 1.10 ± 0.21 × 10−3 mm2/s; F = 2.747, P &gt; .05). The neuroradiologist reviewers rated the rFOV diffusion images superior in terms of all assessed measures ( P &lt; 0.0001). Particular improvements were noted in patients with metal hardware, degenerative disease, or both.

CONCLUSIONS: rFOV DWI of the spinal cord overcomes many of the problems associated with conventional fFOV SS-EPI and is feasible in a clinical population. From a clinical standpoint, images were deemed superior to those created by using standard fFOV methods.

ADC
:   apparent diffusion coefficient
AP
:   anteroposterior
DTI
:   diffusion tensor imaging
DWI
:   diffusion-weighted MR imaging
EPI
:   echo-planar imaging
fFOV
:   full FOV
HiRes
:   high resolution
isoDWI
:   isotropic DWI
LoRes
:   low resolution
RF
:   radio frequency
rFOV
:   reduced FOV
ROI
:   region of interest
SNR
:   signal intensity to noise ratio
SS-EPI
:   single-shot EPI
STIR
:   short tau inversion recovery
ZOOM-EPI
:   zonal oblique multisection EPI" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="G. Zaharchuk" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="E.U. Saritas" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J.B. Andre" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C.T. Chin" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J. Rosenberg" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="T.J. Brosnan" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A. Shankaranarayan" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D.G. Nishimura" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="N.J. Fischbein" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2011-05-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Spine" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Reduced Field-of-View Diffusion Imaging of the Human Spinal Cord: Comparison with Conventional Single-Shot Echo-Planar Imaging" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;DWI of the spinal cord is challenging because of its small size and artifacts associated with the most commonly used clinical imaging method, SS-EPI. We evaluated the performance of rFOV spinal cord DWI and compared it with the routine fFOV SS-EPI in a clinical population.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Thirty-six clinical patients underwent 1.5T MR imaging examination that included rFOV SS-EPI DWI of the cervical spinal cord as well as 2 comparison diffusion sequences: fFOV SS-EPI DWI normalized for either image readout time (low-resolution fFOV) or spatial resolution (high-resolution fFOV). ADC maps were created and compared between the methods by using single-factor analysis of variance. Two neuroradiologists blinded to sequence type rated the 3 DWI methods, based on susceptibility artifacts, perceived spatial resolution, signal intensity–to-noise ratio, anatomic detail, and clinical utility.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;ADC values for the rFOV and both fFOV sequences were not statistically different (rFOV: 1.01 ± 0.18 × 10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/s; low-resolution fFOV: 1.12 ± 0.22 × 10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/s; high-resolution fFOV: 1.10 ± 0.21 × 10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/s; &lt;i&gt;F&lt;/i&gt; = 2.747, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;gt; .05). The neuroradiologist reviewers rated the rFOV diffusion images superior in terms of all assessed measures (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; 0.0001). Particular improvements were noted in patients with metal hardware, degenerative disease, or both.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;rFOV DWI of the spinal cord overcomes many of the problems associated with conventional fFOV SS-EPI and is feasible in a clinical population. From a clinical standpoint, images were deemed superior to those created by using standard fFOV methods.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Reduced Field-of-View Diffusion Imaging of the Human Spinal Cord: Comparison with Conventional Single-Shot Echo-Planar Imaging" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: DWI of the spinal cord is challenging because of its small size and artifacts associated with the most commonly used clinical imaging method, SS-EPI. We evaluated the performance of rFOV spinal cord DWI and compared it with the routine fFOV SS-EPI in a clinical population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six clinical patients underwent 1.5T MR imaging examination that included rFOV SS-EPI DWI of the cervical spinal cord as well as 2 comparison diffusion sequences: fFOV SS-EPI DWI normalized for either image readout time (low-resolution fFOV) or spatial resolution (high-resolution fFOV). ADC maps were created and compared between the methods by using single-factor analysis of variance. Two neuroradiologists blinded to sequence type rated the 3 DWI methods, based on susceptibility artifacts, perceived spatial resolution, signal intensity–to-noise ratio, anatomic detail, and clinical utility.

RESULTS: ADC values for the rFOV and both fFOV sequences were not statistically different (rFOV: 1.01 ± 0.18 × 10−3 mm2/s; low-resolution fFOV: 1.12 ± 0.22 × 10−3 mm2/s; high-resolution fFOV: 1.10 ± 0.21 × 10−3 mm2/s; F = 2.747, P &gt; .05). The neuroradiologist reviewers rated the rFOV diffusion images superior in terms of all assessed measures ( P &lt; 0.0001). Particular improvements were noted in patients with metal hardware, degenerative disease, or both.

CONCLUSIONS: rFOV DWI of the spinal cord overcomes many of the problems associated with conventional fFOV SS-EPI and is feasible in a clinical population. From a clinical standpoint, images were deemed superior to those created by using standard fFOV methods.

ADC
:   apparent diffusion coefficient
AP
:   anteroposterior
DTI
:   diffusion tensor imaging
DWI
:   diffusion-weighted MR imaging
EPI
:   echo-planar imaging
fFOV
:   full FOV
HiRes
:   high resolution
isoDWI
:   isotropic DWI
LoRes
:   low resolution
RF
:   radio frequency
rFOV
:   reduced FOV
ROI
:   region of interest
SNR
:   signal intensity to noise ratio
SS-EPI
:   single-shot EPI
STIR
:   short tau inversion recovery
ZOOM-EPI
:   zonal oblique multisection EPI" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Reduced Field-of-View Diffusion Imaging of the Human Spinal Cord: Comparison with Conventional Single-Shot Echo-Planar Imaging" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/32/5/813" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: DWI of the spinal cord is challenging because of its small size and artifacts associated with the most commonly used clinical imaging method, SS-EPI. We evaluated the performance of rFOV spinal cord DWI and compared it with the routine fFOV SS-EPI in a clinical population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six clinical patients underwent 1.5T MR imaging examination that included rFOV SS-EPI DWI of the cervical spinal cord as well as 2 comparison diffusion sequences: fFOV SS-EPI DWI normalized for either image readout time (low-resolution fFOV) or spatial resolution (high-resolution fFOV). ADC maps were created and compared between the methods by using single-factor analysis of variance. Two neuroradiologists blinded to sequence type rated the 3 DWI methods, based on susceptibility artifacts, perceived spatial resolution, signal intensity–to-noise ratio, anatomic detail, and clinical utility.

RESULTS: ADC values for the rFOV and both fFOV sequences were not statistically different (rFOV: 1.01 ± 0.18 × 10−3 mm2/s; low-resolution fFOV: 1.12 ± 0.22 × 10−3 mm2/s; high-resolution fFOV: 1.10 ± 0.21 × 10−3 mm2/s; F = 2.747, P &gt; .05). The neuroradiologist reviewers rated the rFOV diffusion images superior in terms of all assessed measures ( P &lt; 0.0001). Particular improvements were noted in patients with metal hardware, degenerative disease, or both.

CONCLUSIONS: rFOV DWI of the spinal cord overcomes many of the problems associated with conventional fFOV SS-EPI and is feasible in a clinical population. From a clinical standpoint, images were deemed superior to those created by using standard fFOV methods.

ADC
:   apparent diffusion coefficient
AP
:   anteroposterior
DTI
:   diffusion tensor imaging
DWI
:   diffusion-weighted MR imaging
EPI
:   echo-planar imaging
fFOV
:   full FOV
HiRes
:   high resolution
isoDWI
:   isotropic DWI
LoRes
:   low resolution
RF
:   radio frequency
rFOV
:   reduced FOV
ROI
:   region of interest
SNR
:   signal intensity to noise ratio
SS-EPI
:   single-shot EPI
STIR
:   short tau inversion recovery
ZOOM-EPI
:   zonal oblique multisection EPI" />
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">May 2011,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">32 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(5) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">813-820; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A2418 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-9478--61157288109" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">G. Zaharchuk </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=G.%2BZaharchuk%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Zaharchuk%20G&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AG.%2BZaharchuk%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">E.U. 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<p id="p-2"><strong>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:</strong> DWI of the spinal cord is challenging because of its small size and artifacts associated with the most commonly used clinical imaging method, SS-EPI. We evaluated the performance of rFOV spinal cord DWI and compared it with the routine fFOV SS-EPI in a clinical population.</p>
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<p id="p-3"><strong>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</strong> Thirty-six clinical patients underwent 1.5T MR imaging examination that included rFOV SS-EPI DWI of the cervical spinal cord as well as 2 comparison diffusion sequences: fFOV SS-EPI DWI normalized for either image readout time (low-resolution fFOV) or spatial resolution (high-resolution fFOV). ADC maps were created and compared between the methods by using single-factor analysis of variance. Two neuroradiologists blinded to sequence type rated the 3 DWI methods, based on susceptibility artifacts, perceived spatial resolution, signal intensity–to-noise ratio, anatomic detail, and clinical utility.</p>
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<p id="p-4"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> ADC values for the rFOV and both fFOV sequences were not statistically different (rFOV: 1.01 ± 0.18 × 10<sup>−3</sup> mm<sup>2</sup>/s; low-resolution fFOV: 1.12 ± 0.22 × 10<sup>−3</sup> mm<sup>2</sup>/s; high-resolution fFOV: 1.10 ± 0.21 × 10<sup>−3</sup> mm<sup>2</sup>/s; <em>F</em> = 2.747, <em>P</em> &gt; .05). The neuroradiologist reviewers rated the rFOV diffusion images superior in terms of all assessed measures (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001). Particular improvements were noted in patients with metal hardware, degenerative disease, or both.</p>
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<p id="p-5"><strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> rFOV DWI of the spinal cord overcomes many of the problems associated with conventional fFOV SS-EPI and is feasible in a clinical population. From a clinical standpoint, images were deemed superior to those created by using standard fFOV methods.</p>
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</div><div class="section glossary" id="glossary-1"><h2>Abbreviations</h2><dl id="def-list-1"><dt id="def-item-1">ADC<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>apparent diffusion coefficient<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-2">AP<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>anteroposterior<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-3">DTI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>diffusion tensor imaging<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-4">DWI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>diffusion-weighted MR imaging<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-5">EPI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>echo-planar imaging<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-6">fFOV<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>full FOV<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-7">HiRes<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>high resolution<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-8">isoDWI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>isotropic DWI<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-9">LoRes<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>low resolution<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-10">RF<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>radio frequency<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-11">rFOV<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>reduced FOV<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-12">ROI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>region of interest<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-13">SNR<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>signal intensity to noise ratio<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-14">SS-EPI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>single-shot EPI<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-15">STIR<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>short tau inversion recovery<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-16">ZOOM-EPI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>zonal oblique multisection EPI</dd></dl></div><ul class="copyright-statement"><li class="fn" id="copyright-statement-1">Copyright © American Society of Neuroradiology</li></ul><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"></span></div><span class="related-urls"></span></div><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/32/5/813.full" class="hw-link hw-link-article-full-text" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">View Full Text</a></div>  </div>

  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Reduced Field-of-View Diffusion Imaging of the Human Spinal Cord: Comparison with Conventional Single-Shot Echo-Planar Imaging</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Zaharchuk</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.U.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Saritas</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.B.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Andre</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.T.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Chin</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Rosenberg</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">T.J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Brosnan</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Shankaranarayan</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Nishimura</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">N.J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Fischbein</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">May 2011, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">32 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(5) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">813-820; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A2418 </span></div>
  
  
  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Reduced Field-of-View Diffusion Imaging of the Human Spinal Cord: Comparison with Conventional Single-Shot Echo-Planar Imaging</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Zaharchuk</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">E.U.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Saritas</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.B.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Andre</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.T.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Chin</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Rosenberg</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">T.J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Brosnan</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Shankaranarayan</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Nishimura</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">N.J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Fischbein</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">May 2011, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">32 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(5) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">813-820; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A2418 </span></div>
  
  
  
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