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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Longitudinal Whole-Brain N-Acetylaspartate Concentration in Healthy Adults" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A2452" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2011-06-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="Copyright © American Society of Neuroradiology. 
Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="open-access" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although NAA is often used as a marker of neural integrity and health in different neurologic disorders, the temporal behavior of WBNAA is not well characterized. Our goal therefore was to establish its normal variations in a cohort of healthy adults over typical clinical trial periods.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Baseline amount of brain NAA, Q NAA, was obtained with nonlocalizing proton MR spectroscopy from 9 subjects (7 women, 2 men; 31.2 ± 5.6 years old). Q NAA was converted into absolute millimole amount by using phantom-replacement. The WBNAA concentration was derived by dividing Q NAA with the brain parenchyma volume, VB , segmented from MR imaging. Temporal variations were determined with 4 annual scans of each participant.

RESULTS: The distribution of WBNAA levels was not different among time points with respect to the mean, 12.1 ± 1.5 mmol/L ( P &gt; .6), nor was its intrasubject change (coefficient of variation = 8.6%) significant between any 2 scans ( P &gt; .5). There was a small (0.2 mL) but significant ( P = .05) annual VB decline.

CONCLUSIONS: WBNAA is stable over a 3-year period in healthy adults. It qualifies therefore as a biomarker for global neuronal loss and dysfunction in diffuse neurologic disorders that may be well worth considering as a secondary outcome measure candidate for clinical trials.

CV
:   coefficient of variation
GM
:   gray matter
1H-MRS
:   proton MR spectroscopy
MPRAGE
:   magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition of gradient echo
NAA
:   N -acetylaspartate
Q NAA
:   absolute amount of NAA (millimoles)
SNR
:   signal intensity–to-noise ratio
S R
:   reference NAA peak area
S S
:   subject NAA peak area
VOI
:   volume of interest
V R180°
:   reference transmitter voltage
V S180°= subject transmitter voltage; WBNAA
:   whole-brain NAA concentration
WM
:   white matter" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D.J. Rigotti" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="I.I. Kirov" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="B. Djavadi" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="N. Perry" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J.S. Babb" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="O. Gonen" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2011-06-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Brain" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Longitudinal Whole-Brain N-Acetylaspartate Concentration in Healthy Adults" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Although NAA is often used as a marker of neural integrity and health in different neurologic disorders, the temporal behavior of WBNAA is not well characterized. Our goal therefore was to establish its normal variations in a cohort of healthy adults over typical clinical trial periods.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Baseline amount of brain NAA, &lt;i&gt;Q&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;NAA&lt;/sub&gt;, was obtained with nonlocalizing proton MR spectroscopy from 9 subjects (7 women, 2 men; 31.2 ± 5.6 years old). &lt;i&gt;Q&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;NAA&lt;/sub&gt; was converted into absolute millimole amount by using phantom-replacement. The WBNAA concentration was derived by dividing &lt;i&gt;Q&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;NAA&lt;/sub&gt; with the brain parenchyma volume, &lt;i&gt;V&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, segmented from MR imaging. Temporal variations were determined with 4 annual scans of each participant.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The distribution of WBNAA levels was not different among time points with respect to the mean, 12.1 ± 1.5 mmol/L (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;gt; .6), nor was its intrasubject change (coefficient of variation = 8.6%) significant between any 2 scans (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;gt; .5). There was a small (0.2 mL) but significant (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .05) annual &lt;i&gt;V&lt;sub&gt;B&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt; decline.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;WBNAA is stable over a 3-year period in healthy adults. It qualifies therefore as a biomarker for global neuronal loss and dysfunction in diffuse neurologic disorders that may be well worth considering as a secondary outcome measure candidate for clinical trials.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Longitudinal Whole-Brain N-Acetylaspartate Concentration in Healthy Adults" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although NAA is often used as a marker of neural integrity and health in different neurologic disorders, the temporal behavior of WBNAA is not well characterized. Our goal therefore was to establish its normal variations in a cohort of healthy adults over typical clinical trial periods.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Baseline amount of brain NAA, Q NAA, was obtained with nonlocalizing proton MR spectroscopy from 9 subjects (7 women, 2 men; 31.2 ± 5.6 years old). Q NAA was converted into absolute millimole amount by using phantom-replacement. The WBNAA concentration was derived by dividing Q NAA with the brain parenchyma volume, VB , segmented from MR imaging. Temporal variations were determined with 4 annual scans of each participant.

RESULTS: The distribution of WBNAA levels was not different among time points with respect to the mean, 12.1 ± 1.5 mmol/L ( P &gt; .6), nor was its intrasubject change (coefficient of variation = 8.6%) significant between any 2 scans ( P &gt; .5). There was a small (0.2 mL) but significant ( P = .05) annual VB decline.

CONCLUSIONS: WBNAA is stable over a 3-year period in healthy adults. It qualifies therefore as a biomarker for global neuronal loss and dysfunction in diffuse neurologic disorders that may be well worth considering as a secondary outcome measure candidate for clinical trials.

CV
:   coefficient of variation
GM
:   gray matter
1H-MRS
:   proton MR spectroscopy
MPRAGE
:   magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition of gradient echo
NAA
:   N -acetylaspartate
Q NAA
:   absolute amount of NAA (millimoles)
SNR
:   signal intensity–to-noise ratio
S R
:   reference NAA peak area
S S
:   subject NAA peak area
VOI
:   volume of interest
V R180°
:   reference transmitter voltage
V S180°= subject transmitter voltage; WBNAA
:   whole-brain NAA concentration
WM
:   white matter" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Longitudinal Whole-Brain N-Acetylaspartate Concentration in Healthy Adults" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/32/6/1011" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although NAA is often used as a marker of neural integrity and health in different neurologic disorders, the temporal behavior of WBNAA is not well characterized. Our goal therefore was to establish its normal variations in a cohort of healthy adults over typical clinical trial periods.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Baseline amount of brain NAA, Q NAA, was obtained with nonlocalizing proton MR spectroscopy from 9 subjects (7 women, 2 men; 31.2 ± 5.6 years old). Q NAA was converted into absolute millimole amount by using phantom-replacement. The WBNAA concentration was derived by dividing Q NAA with the brain parenchyma volume, VB , segmented from MR imaging. Temporal variations were determined with 4 annual scans of each participant.

RESULTS: The distribution of WBNAA levels was not different among time points with respect to the mean, 12.1 ± 1.5 mmol/L ( P &gt; .6), nor was its intrasubject change (coefficient of variation = 8.6%) significant between any 2 scans ( P &gt; .5). There was a small (0.2 mL) but significant ( P = .05) annual VB decline.

CONCLUSIONS: WBNAA is stable over a 3-year period in healthy adults. It qualifies therefore as a biomarker for global neuronal loss and dysfunction in diffuse neurologic disorders that may be well worth considering as a secondary outcome measure candidate for clinical trials.

CV
:   coefficient of variation
GM
:   gray matter
1H-MRS
:   proton MR spectroscopy
MPRAGE
:   magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition of gradient echo
NAA
:   N -acetylaspartate
Q NAA
:   absolute amount of NAA (millimoles)
SNR
:   signal intensity–to-noise ratio
S R
:   reference NAA peak area
S S
:   subject NAA peak area
VOI
:   volume of interest
V R180°
:   reference transmitter voltage
V S180°= subject transmitter voltage; WBNAA
:   whole-brain NAA concentration
WM
:   white matter" />
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Longitudinal Whole-Brain <em>N</em>-Acetylaspartate Concentration in Healthy Adults</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">D.J. Rigotti</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">I.I. Kirov</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">B. Djavadi</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">N. Perry</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">J.S. Babb</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">O. Gonen</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">June 2011,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">32 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(6) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1011-1015; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A2452 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<p id="p-4"><strong>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:</strong> Although NAA is often used as a marker of neural integrity and health in different neurologic disorders, the temporal behavior of WBNAA is not well characterized. Our goal therefore was to establish its normal variations in a cohort of healthy adults over typical clinical trial periods.</p>
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<p id="p-5"><strong>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</strong> Baseline amount of brain NAA, <em>Q</em><sub>NAA</sub>, was obtained with nonlocalizing proton MR spectroscopy from 9 subjects (7 women, 2 men; 31.2 ± 5.6 years old). <em>Q</em><sub>NAA</sub> was converted into absolute millimole amount by using phantom-replacement. The WBNAA concentration was derived by dividing <em>Q</em><sub>NAA</sub> with the brain parenchyma volume, <em>V<sub>B</sub></em>, segmented from MR imaging. Temporal variations were determined with 4 annual scans of each participant.</p>
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<p id="p-6"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> The distribution of WBNAA levels was not different among time points with respect to the mean, 12.1 ± 1.5 mmol/L (<em>P</em> &gt; .6), nor was its intrasubject change (coefficient of variation = 8.6%) significant between any 2 scans (<em>P</em> &gt; .5). There was a small (0.2 mL) but significant (<em>P</em> = .05) annual <em>V<sub>B</sub></em> decline.</p>
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<p id="p-7"><strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> WBNAA is stable over a 3-year period in healthy adults. It qualifies therefore as a biomarker for global neuronal loss and dysfunction in diffuse neurologic disorders that may be well worth considering as a secondary outcome measure candidate for clinical trials.</p>
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</div><div class="section glossary" id="glossary-1"><h2>Abbreviations</h2><dl id="def-list-1"><dt id="def-item-1">CV<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>coefficient of variation<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-2">GM<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>gray matter<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-3"><sup>1</sup>H-MRS<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>proton MR spectroscopy<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-4">MPRAGE<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition of gradient echo<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-5">NAA<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd><em>N</em>-acetylaspartate<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-6"><em>Q</em><sub>NAA</sub><span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>absolute amount of NAA (millimoles)<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-7">SNR<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>signal intensity–to-noise ratio<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-8"><em>S</em><sub>R</sub><span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>reference NAA peak area<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-9"><em>S</em><sub>S</sub><span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>subject NAA peak area<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-10">VOI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>volume of interest<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-11"><em>V</em><sub>R</sub><sup>180°</sup><span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>reference transmitter voltage<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-12"><em>V</em><sub>S</sub><sup>180°</sup>= subject transmitter voltage; WBNAA<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>whole-brain NAA concentration<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-13">WM<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>white matter</dd></dl></div><ul class="copyright-statement"><li class="fn" id="copyright-statement-1">Copyright © American Society of Neuroradiology</li></ul><div class="license" id="license-1"><p id="p-2">Indicates open access to non-subscribers at <a href="http://www.ajnr.org">www.ajnr.org</a></p></div><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"></span></div><span class="related-urls"></span></div><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/32/6/1011.full" class="hw-link hw-link-article-full-text" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">View Full Text</a></div>  </div>

  
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