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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Normal Pediatric Spinal Cord Using an Inner Field of View Echo-Planar Imaging Sequence" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A2924" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2012-06-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2012 by American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="restricted" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: DTI in the brain has been well established, but its application in the spinal cord, especially in pediatrics, poses several challenges. The small cord size has inherent low SNR of the diffusion signal intensity, respiratory and cardiac movements induce artifacts, and EPI sequences used for obtaining diffusion indices cause eddy-current distortions. The purpose of this study was to 1) evaluate the accuracy of cervical spinal cord DTI in children using a newly developed iFOV sequence with spatially selective 2D-RF excitations, and 2) examine reproducibility of the DTI measures.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five typically developing subjects were imaged twice using a 3T scanner. Axial DTI images of the cervical spinal cord were acquired with this sequence. After motion correction, DTI indices were calculated using regions of interest manually drawn at every axial section location along the cervical spinal cord for both acquisitions. Various DTI indices were calculated: FA, AD, RD, MD, RA, and VR. Geometric diffusion measures were also calculated: Cp, Cl, and Cs.

RESULTS: The following average values for each index were obtained: FA = 0.50 ± 0.11; AD = 0.97 ± 0.20 × 10−3mm2/s; RD = 0.41 ± 0.13 × 10−3mm2/s; MD = 0.59 ± 0.15 × 10−3mm2/s; RA = 0.35 ± 0.08; VR = 0.03 ± 0.00; Cp = 0.13 ± 0.07; Cl = 0.29 ± 0.09; and Cs = 0.58 ± 0.11. The reproducibility tests showed moderate to strong ICC in all subjects for all DTI parameters (ICC&gt;0.72).

CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that accurate and reproducible DTI parameters can be estimated in the pediatric cervical spinal cord using an iFOV EPI sequence.

2D-RF
:   2-dimensional radio frequency
AD
:   axial diffusivity
Ci
:   confidence interval
Cl
:   linear index
Cp
:   planar index
Cs
:   spherical index
FA
:   fractional anisotropy
ICC
:   intraclass correlation coefficient
iFOV
:   inner field of view
ISNCSCI
:   International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury
MD
:   mean diffusivity
RA
:   relative anisotropy
RD
:   radial diffusivity
SCI
:   spinal cord injury
VR
:   volume ratio" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="N. Barakat" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="F.B. Mohamed" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="L.N. Hunter" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="P. Shah" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.H. Faro" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A.F. Samdani" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J. Finsterbusch" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R. Betz" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J. Gaughan" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M.J. Mulcahey" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2012-06-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Pediatrics" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Normal Pediatric Spinal Cord Using an Inner Field of View Echo-Planar Imaging Sequence" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;DTI in the brain has been well established, but its application in the spinal cord, especially in pediatrics, poses several challenges. The small cord size has inherent low SNR of the diffusion signal intensity, respiratory and cardiac movements induce artifacts, and EPI sequences used for obtaining diffusion indices cause eddy-current distortions. The purpose of this study was to 1) evaluate the accuracy of cervical spinal cord DTI in children using a newly developed iFOV sequence with spatially selective 2D-RF excitations, and 2) examine reproducibility of the DTI measures.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Twenty-five typically developing subjects were imaged twice using a 3T scanner. Axial DTI images of the cervical spinal cord were acquired with this sequence. After motion correction, DTI indices were calculated using regions of interest manually drawn at every axial section location along the cervical spinal cord for both acquisitions. Various DTI indices were calculated: FA, AD, RD, MD, RA, and VR. Geometric diffusion measures were also calculated: Cp, Cl, and Cs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The following average values for each index were obtained: FA = 0.50 ± 0.11; AD = 0.97 ± 0.20 × 10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt;mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/s; RD = 0.41 ± 0.13 × 10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt;mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/s; MD = 0.59 ± 0.15 × 10&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt;mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/s; RA = 0.35 ± 0.08; VR = 0.03 ± 0.00; Cp = 0.13 ± 0.07; Cl = 0.29 ± 0.09; and Cs = 0.58 ± 0.11. The reproducibility tests showed moderate to strong ICC in all subjects for all DTI parameters (ICC&amp;gt;0.72).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This study showed that accurate and reproducible DTI parameters can be estimated in the pediatric cervical spinal cord using an iFOV EPI sequence.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Normal Pediatric Spinal Cord Using an Inner Field of View Echo-Planar Imaging Sequence" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: DTI in the brain has been well established, but its application in the spinal cord, especially in pediatrics, poses several challenges. The small cord size has inherent low SNR of the diffusion signal intensity, respiratory and cardiac movements induce artifacts, and EPI sequences used for obtaining diffusion indices cause eddy-current distortions. The purpose of this study was to 1) evaluate the accuracy of cervical spinal cord DTI in children using a newly developed iFOV sequence with spatially selective 2D-RF excitations, and 2) examine reproducibility of the DTI measures.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five typically developing subjects were imaged twice using a 3T scanner. Axial DTI images of the cervical spinal cord were acquired with this sequence. After motion correction, DTI indices were calculated using regions of interest manually drawn at every axial section location along the cervical spinal cord for both acquisitions. Various DTI indices were calculated: FA, AD, RD, MD, RA, and VR. Geometric diffusion measures were also calculated: Cp, Cl, and Cs.

RESULTS: The following average values for each index were obtained: FA = 0.50 ± 0.11; AD = 0.97 ± 0.20 × 10−3mm2/s; RD = 0.41 ± 0.13 × 10−3mm2/s; MD = 0.59 ± 0.15 × 10−3mm2/s; RA = 0.35 ± 0.08; VR = 0.03 ± 0.00; Cp = 0.13 ± 0.07; Cl = 0.29 ± 0.09; and Cs = 0.58 ± 0.11. The reproducibility tests showed moderate to strong ICC in all subjects for all DTI parameters (ICC&gt;0.72).

CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that accurate and reproducible DTI parameters can be estimated in the pediatric cervical spinal cord using an iFOV EPI sequence.

2D-RF
:   2-dimensional radio frequency
AD
:   axial diffusivity
Ci
:   confidence interval
Cl
:   linear index
Cp
:   planar index
Cs
:   spherical index
FA
:   fractional anisotropy
ICC
:   intraclass correlation coefficient
iFOV
:   inner field of view
ISNCSCI
:   International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury
MD
:   mean diffusivity
RA
:   relative anisotropy
RD
:   radial diffusivity
SCI
:   spinal cord injury
VR
:   volume ratio" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Normal Pediatric Spinal Cord Using an Inner Field of View Echo-Planar Imaging Sequence" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/33/6/1127" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: DTI in the brain has been well established, but its application in the spinal cord, especially in pediatrics, poses several challenges. The small cord size has inherent low SNR of the diffusion signal intensity, respiratory and cardiac movements induce artifacts, and EPI sequences used for obtaining diffusion indices cause eddy-current distortions. The purpose of this study was to 1) evaluate the accuracy of cervical spinal cord DTI in children using a newly developed iFOV sequence with spatially selective 2D-RF excitations, and 2) examine reproducibility of the DTI measures.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five typically developing subjects were imaged twice using a 3T scanner. Axial DTI images of the cervical spinal cord were acquired with this sequence. After motion correction, DTI indices were calculated using regions of interest manually drawn at every axial section location along the cervical spinal cord for both acquisitions. Various DTI indices were calculated: FA, AD, RD, MD, RA, and VR. Geometric diffusion measures were also calculated: Cp, Cl, and Cs.

RESULTS: The following average values for each index were obtained: FA = 0.50 ± 0.11; AD = 0.97 ± 0.20 × 10−3mm2/s; RD = 0.41 ± 0.13 × 10−3mm2/s; MD = 0.59 ± 0.15 × 10−3mm2/s; RA = 0.35 ± 0.08; VR = 0.03 ± 0.00; Cp = 0.13 ± 0.07; Cl = 0.29 ± 0.09; and Cs = 0.58 ± 0.11. The reproducibility tests showed moderate to strong ICC in all subjects for all DTI parameters (ICC&gt;0.72).

CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that accurate and reproducible DTI parameters can be estimated in the pediatric cervical spinal cord using an iFOV EPI sequence.

2D-RF
:   2-dimensional radio frequency
AD
:   axial diffusivity
Ci
:   confidence interval
Cl
:   linear index
Cp
:   planar index
Cs
:   spherical index
FA
:   fractional anisotropy
ICC
:   intraclass correlation coefficient
iFOV
:   inner field of view
ISNCSCI
:   International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury
MD
:   mean diffusivity
RA
:   relative anisotropy
RD
:   radial diffusivity
SCI
:   spinal cord injury
VR
:   volume ratio" />
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      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Pediatrics</span></span></div>
  
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Normal Pediatric Spinal Cord Using an Inner Field of View Echo-Planar Imaging Sequence</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">N. Barakat</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">F.B. Mohamed</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">L.N. Hunter</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">P. Shah</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">S.H. Faro</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">A.F. Samdani</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">J. Finsterbusch</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">R. Betz</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">J. Gaughan</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">M.J. Mulcahey</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">June 2012,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">33 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(6) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1127-1133; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A2924 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-11969--61338184622" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">N. Barakat </div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=N.%2BBarakat%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Barakat%20N&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AN.%2BBarakat%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">F.B. 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<p id="p-1"><strong>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:</strong> DTI in the brain has been well established, but its application in the spinal cord, especially in pediatrics, poses several challenges. The small cord size has inherent low SNR of the diffusion signal intensity, respiratory and cardiac movements induce artifacts, and EPI sequences used for obtaining diffusion indices cause eddy-current distortions. The purpose of this study was to 1) evaluate the accuracy of cervical spinal cord DTI in children using a newly developed iFOV sequence with spatially selective 2D-RF excitations, and 2) examine reproducibility of the DTI measures.</p></div>
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<p id="p-2"><strong>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</strong> Twenty-five typically developing subjects were imaged twice using a 3T scanner. Axial DTI images of the cervical spinal cord were acquired with this sequence. After motion correction, DTI indices were calculated using regions of interest manually drawn at every axial section location along the cervical spinal cord for both acquisitions. Various DTI indices were calculated: FA, AD, RD, MD, RA, and VR. Geometric diffusion measures were also calculated: Cp, Cl, and Cs.</p></div>
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<p id="p-3"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> The following average values for each index were obtained: FA = 0.50 ± 0.11; AD = 0.97 ± 0.20 × 10<sup>−3</sup>mm<sup>2</sup>/s; RD = 0.41 ± 0.13 × 10<sup>−3</sup>mm<sup>2</sup>/s; MD = 0.59 ± 0.15 × 10<sup>−3</sup>mm<sup>2</sup>/s; RA = 0.35 ± 0.08; VR = 0.03 ± 0.00; Cp = 0.13 ± 0.07; Cl = 0.29 ± 0.09; and Cs = 0.58 ± 0.11. The reproducibility tests showed moderate to strong ICC in all subjects for all DTI parameters (ICC&gt;0.72).</p></div>
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<p id="p-4"><strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> This study showed that accurate and reproducible DTI parameters can be estimated in the pediatric cervical spinal cord using an iFOV EPI sequence.</p></div></div><div class="section glossary" id="glossary-1">
<h2>ABBREVIATIONS:</h2>
<dl id="def-list-1"><dt id="def-item-1">2D-RF<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>2-dimensional radio frequency<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-2">AD<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>axial diffusivity<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-3">Ci<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>confidence interval<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-4">Cl<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>linear index<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-5">Cp<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>planar index<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-6">Cs<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>spherical index<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-7">FA<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>fractional anisotropy<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-8">ICC<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>intraclass correlation coefficient<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-9">iFOV<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>inner field of view<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-10">ISNCSCI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-11">MD<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>mean diffusivity<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-12">RA<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>relative anisotropy<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-13">RD<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>radial diffusivity<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-14">SCI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>spinal cord injury<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-15">VR<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>volume ratio</dd></dl></div><ul class="copyright-statement"><li class="fn" id="copyright-statement-1">© 2012 by American Journal of Neuroradiology</li></ul><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"></span></div><span class="related-urls"></span></div><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/33/6/1127.full" class="hw-link hw-link-article-full-text" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">View Full Text</a></div>  </div>

  
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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 33</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 6 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Jun 2012 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Normal Pediatric Spinal Cord Using an Inner Field of View Echo-Planar Imaging Sequence</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">N.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Barakat</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">F.B.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mohamed</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.N.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hunter</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Shah</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.H.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Faro</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.F.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Samdani</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Finsterbusch</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Betz</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Gaughan</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mulcahey</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jun 2012, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">33 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(6) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1127-1133; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A2924 </span></div>
  
  
  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">N.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Barakat</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">F.B.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mohamed</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.N.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hunter</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Shah</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.H.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Faro</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.F.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Samdani</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Finsterbusch</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Betz</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Gaughan</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mulcahey</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jun 2012, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">33 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(6) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1127-1133; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A2924 </span></div>
  
  
  
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