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<meta name="DC.Title" content="An In Vivo, MRI-Integrated Real-Time Model of Active Contrast Extravasation in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A3939" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2014-09-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2014 by American Journal of Neuroradiology. Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="open-access" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The “spot sign” or contrast extravasation is strongly associated with hematoma formation and growth. An animal model of contrast extravasation is important to test existing and novel therapeutic interventions to inform present and future clinical studies. The purpose of this study was to create an animal model of contrast extravasation in acute intracerebral hemorrhage.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight hemispheres of Yorkshire male swine were insonated with an MR imaging–guided focused sonography system following lipid microsphere infusion and mean arterial pressure elevation. The rate of contrast leakage was quantified by using dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging and was classified as contrast extravasation or postcontrast leakage by using postcontrast T1. Hematoma volume was measured on gradient recalled-echo MR imaging performed 2 hours postprocedure. Following this procedure, sacrificed brain was subjected to histopathologic examination. Power level, burst length, and blood pressure elevation were correlated with leakage rate, hematoma size, and vessel abnormality extent.

RESULTS: Median (intracerebral hemorrhage) contrast extravasation leakage was higher than postcontrast leakage (11.3; 6.3–23.2 versus 2.4; 1.1–3.1 mL/min/100 g; P &lt; .001). Increasing burst length, gradient recalled-echo hematoma (ρ = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.2–0.8; P = .007), and permeability were correlated (ρ = 0.55; 95% CI, 0.1–0.8; P = .02). Median permeability ( P = .02), gradient recalled-echo hematoma ( P = .02), and dynamic contrast-enhanced volumes ( P = .02) were greater at 1000 ms than at 10 ms. Within each burst-length subgroup, incremental contrast leakage was seen with mean arterial pressure elevation (ρ = 0.2–0.8).

CONCLUSIONS: We describe a novel MR imaging–integrated real-time swine intracerebral hemorrhage model of acute hematoma growth and contrast extravasation.

CE
:   contrast extravasation
DCE
:   dynamic contrast-enhanced
GRE
:   gradient recalled-echo
ICH
:   intracerebral hemorrhage
IQR
:   interquartile range
KPS
:   rate of leakage
MAP
:   mean arterial pressure elevation
PCL
:   postcontrast leakage" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R.I. Aviv" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="T. Huynh" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Y. Huang" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D. Ramsay" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="P. Van Slyke" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D. Dumont" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="P. Asmah" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R. Alkins" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="R. Liu" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="K. Hynynen" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2014-09-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Brain" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="An In Vivo, MRI-Integrated Real-Time Model of Active Contrast Extravasation in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The “spot sign” or contrast extravasation is strongly associated with hematoma formation and growth. An animal model of contrast extravasation is important to test existing and novel therapeutic interventions to inform present and future clinical studies. The purpose of this study was to create an animal model of contrast extravasation in acute intracerebral hemorrhage.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Twenty-eight hemispheres of Yorkshire male swine were insonated with an MR imaging–guided focused sonography system following lipid microsphere infusion and mean arterial pressure elevation. The rate of contrast leakage was quantified by using dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging and was classified as contrast extravasation or postcontrast leakage by using postcontrast T1. Hematoma volume was measured on gradient recalled-echo MR imaging performed 2 hours postprocedure. Following this procedure, sacrificed brain was subjected to histopathologic examination. Power level, burst length, and blood pressure elevation were correlated with leakage rate, hematoma size, and vessel abnormality extent.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Median (intracerebral hemorrhage) contrast extravasation leakage was higher than postcontrast leakage (11.3; 6.3–23.2 versus 2.4; 1.1–3.1 mL/min/100 g; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .001). Increasing burst length, gradient recalled-echo hematoma (ρ = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.2–0.8; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .007), and permeability were correlated (ρ = 0.55; 95% CI, 0.1–0.8; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .02). Median permeability (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .02), gradient recalled-echo hematoma (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .02), and dynamic contrast-enhanced volumes (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .02) were greater at 1000 ms than at 10 ms. Within each burst-length subgroup, incremental contrast leakage was seen with mean arterial pressure elevation (ρ = 0.2–0.8).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We describe a novel MR imaging–integrated real-time swine intracerebral hemorrhage model of acute hematoma growth and contrast extravasation.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="R.I. Aviv" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="An In Vivo, MRI-Integrated Real-Time Model of Active Contrast Extravasation in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The “spot sign” or contrast extravasation is strongly associated with hematoma formation and growth. An animal model of contrast extravasation is important to test existing and novel therapeutic interventions to inform present and future clinical studies. The purpose of this study was to create an animal model of contrast extravasation in acute intracerebral hemorrhage.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight hemispheres of Yorkshire male swine were insonated with an MR imaging–guided focused sonography system following lipid microsphere infusion and mean arterial pressure elevation. The rate of contrast leakage was quantified by using dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging and was classified as contrast extravasation or postcontrast leakage by using postcontrast T1. Hematoma volume was measured on gradient recalled-echo MR imaging performed 2 hours postprocedure. Following this procedure, sacrificed brain was subjected to histopathologic examination. Power level, burst length, and blood pressure elevation were correlated with leakage rate, hematoma size, and vessel abnormality extent.

RESULTS: Median (intracerebral hemorrhage) contrast extravasation leakage was higher than postcontrast leakage (11.3; 6.3–23.2 versus 2.4; 1.1–3.1 mL/min/100 g; P &lt; .001). Increasing burst length, gradient recalled-echo hematoma (ρ = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.2–0.8; P = .007), and permeability were correlated (ρ = 0.55; 95% CI, 0.1–0.8; P = .02). Median permeability ( P = .02), gradient recalled-echo hematoma ( P = .02), and dynamic contrast-enhanced volumes ( P = .02) were greater at 1000 ms than at 10 ms. Within each burst-length subgroup, incremental contrast leakage was seen with mean arterial pressure elevation (ρ = 0.2–0.8).

CONCLUSIONS: We describe a novel MR imaging–integrated real-time swine intracerebral hemorrhage model of acute hematoma growth and contrast extravasation.

CE
:   contrast extravasation
DCE
:   dynamic contrast-enhanced
GRE
:   gradient recalled-echo
ICH
:   intracerebral hemorrhage
IQR
:   interquartile range
KPS
:   rate of leakage
MAP
:   mean arterial pressure elevation
PCL
:   postcontrast leakage" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="An In Vivo, MRI-Integrated Real-Time Model of Active Contrast Extravasation in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/35/9/1693" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The “spot sign” or contrast extravasation is strongly associated with hematoma formation and growth. An animal model of contrast extravasation is important to test existing and novel therapeutic interventions to inform present and future clinical studies. The purpose of this study was to create an animal model of contrast extravasation in acute intracerebral hemorrhage.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight hemispheres of Yorkshire male swine were insonated with an MR imaging–guided focused sonography system following lipid microsphere infusion and mean arterial pressure elevation. The rate of contrast leakage was quantified by using dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging and was classified as contrast extravasation or postcontrast leakage by using postcontrast T1. Hematoma volume was measured on gradient recalled-echo MR imaging performed 2 hours postprocedure. Following this procedure, sacrificed brain was subjected to histopathologic examination. Power level, burst length, and blood pressure elevation were correlated with leakage rate, hematoma size, and vessel abnormality extent.

RESULTS: Median (intracerebral hemorrhage) contrast extravasation leakage was higher than postcontrast leakage (11.3; 6.3–23.2 versus 2.4; 1.1–3.1 mL/min/100 g; P &lt; .001). Increasing burst length, gradient recalled-echo hematoma (ρ = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.2–0.8; P = .007), and permeability were correlated (ρ = 0.55; 95% CI, 0.1–0.8; P = .02). Median permeability ( P = .02), gradient recalled-echo hematoma ( P = .02), and dynamic contrast-enhanced volumes ( P = .02) were greater at 1000 ms than at 10 ms. Within each burst-length subgroup, incremental contrast leakage was seen with mean arterial pressure elevation (ρ = 0.2–0.8).

CONCLUSIONS: We describe a novel MR imaging–integrated real-time swine intracerebral hemorrhage model of acute hematoma growth and contrast extravasation.

CE
:   contrast extravasation
DCE
:   dynamic contrast-enhanced
GRE
:   gradient recalled-echo
ICH
:   intracerebral hemorrhage
IQR
:   interquartile range
KPS
:   rate of leakage
MAP
:   mean arterial pressure elevation
PCL
:   postcontrast leakage" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node13614--5" data-node-nid="13614" id="top-node-13614--6425708317" data-pisa="ajnr;35/9/1693" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A3939" data-apath="/ajnr/35/9/1693.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">An In Vivo, MRI-Integrated Real-Time Model of Active Contrast Extravasation in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">R.I. Aviv</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">T. Huynh</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">Y. Huang</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">D. Ramsay</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">P. Van Slyke</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">D. Dumont</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">P. Asmah</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">R. Alkins</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">R. Liu</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">K. Hynynen</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">September 2014,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">35 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(9) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1693-1699; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3939 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-13614--6425708317" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R.I. Aviv </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Medical Imaging (T.H., R.I.A., R.L.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Medical Imaging (T.H., K.H., R.I.A.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R.I.%2BAviv%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Aviv%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AR.I.%2BAviv%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">T. Huynh </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Medical Imaging (T.H., R.I.A., R.L.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Medical Imaging (T.H., K.H., R.I.A.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=T.%2BHuynh%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Huynh%20T&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AT.%2BHuynh%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Y. Huang </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>f</span>Imaging Research (Y.H., K.H.), Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Y.%2BHuang%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Huang%20Y&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AY.%2BHuang%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">D. Ramsay </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Department of Pathology (D.R.), London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=D.%2BRamsay%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Ramsay%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AD.%2BRamsay%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">P. Van Slyke </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>The Centre for Proteomic Studies (D.D., P.V.S.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=P.%2BVan%2BSlyke%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Van%20Slyke%20P&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AP.%2BVan%2BSlyke%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">D. Dumont </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Departments of Medical Biophysics (K.H., D.D., R.A., P.A.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>The Centre for Proteomic Studies (D.D., P.V.S.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=D.%2BDumont%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Dumont%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AD.%2BDumont%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">P. Asmah </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Departments of Medical Biophysics (K.H., D.D., R.A., P.A.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=P.%2BAsmah%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Asmah%20P&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AP.%2BAsmah%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R. Alkins </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Departments of Medical Biophysics (K.H., D.D., R.A., P.A.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R.%2BAlkins%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Alkins%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AR.%2BAlkins%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R. Liu </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Medical Imaging (T.H., R.I.A., R.L.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R.%2BLiu%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Liu%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AR.%2BLiu%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-9"><div class="author-tooltip-name">K. 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<p id="p-2"><strong>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:</strong> The “spot sign” or contrast extravasation is strongly associated with hematoma formation and growth. An animal model of contrast extravasation is important to test existing and novel therapeutic interventions to inform present and future clinical studies. The purpose of this study was to create an animal model of contrast extravasation in acute intracerebral hemorrhage.</p>
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<p id="p-3"><strong>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</strong> Twenty-eight hemispheres of Yorkshire male swine were insonated with an MR imaging–guided focused sonography system following lipid microsphere infusion and mean arterial pressure elevation. The rate of contrast leakage was quantified by using dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging and was classified as contrast extravasation or postcontrast leakage by using postcontrast T1. Hematoma volume was measured on gradient recalled-echo MR imaging performed 2 hours postprocedure. Following this procedure, sacrificed brain was subjected to histopathologic examination. Power level, burst length, and blood pressure elevation were correlated with leakage rate, hematoma size, and vessel abnormality extent.</p>
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<p id="p-4"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Median (intracerebral hemorrhage) contrast extravasation leakage was higher than postcontrast leakage (11.3; 6.3–23.2 versus 2.4; 1.1–3.1 mL/min/100 g; <em>P</em> &lt; .001). Increasing burst length, gradient recalled-echo hematoma (ρ = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.2–0.8; <em>P</em> = .007), and permeability were correlated (ρ = 0.55; 95% CI, 0.1–0.8; <em>P</em> = .02). Median permeability (<em>P</em> = .02), gradient recalled-echo hematoma (<em>P</em> = .02), and dynamic contrast-enhanced volumes (<em>P</em> = .02) were greater at 1000 ms than at 10 ms. Within each burst-length subgroup, incremental contrast leakage was seen with mean arterial pressure elevation (ρ = 0.2–0.8).</p>
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<p id="p-5"><strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> We describe a novel MR imaging–integrated real-time swine intracerebral hemorrhage model of acute hematoma growth and contrast extravasation.</p>
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</div><div class="section glossary" id="glossary-1"><h2>ABBREVIATIONS:</h2>
<dl id="def-list-1"><dt id="def-item-1">CE<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>contrast extravasation<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-2">DCE<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>dynamic contrast-enhanced<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-3">GRE<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>gradient recalled-echo<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-4">ICH<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>intracerebral hemorrhage<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-5">IQR<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>interquartile range<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-6">KPS<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>rate of leakage<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-7">MAP<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>mean arterial pressure elevation<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-8">PCL<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>postcontrast leakage</dd></dl>
</div><ul class="copyright-statement"><li class="fn" id="copyright-statement-1">© 2014 by American Journal of Neuroradiology</li></ul><div class="license" id="license-1"><p id="p-1">Indicates open access to non-subscribers at <a href="http://www.ajnr.org">www.ajnr.org</a></p></div><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"></span></div><span class="related-urls"></span></div><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/35/9/1693.full" class="hw-link hw-link-article-full-text" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">View Full Text</a></div>  </div>

  
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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 35</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 9 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Sep 2014 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">An In Vivo, MRI-Integrated Real-Time Model of Active Contrast Extravasation in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.I.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Aviv</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">T.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Huynh</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">Y.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Huang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ramsay</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Van Slyke</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Dumont</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Asmah</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Alkins</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Liu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">K.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hynynen</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Sep 2014, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">35 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(9) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1693-1699; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A3939 </span></div>
  
  
  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.I.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Aviv</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">T.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Huynh</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">Y.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Huang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ramsay</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Van Slyke</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Dumont</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Asmah</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Alkins</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Liu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">K.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hynynen</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Sep 2014, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">35 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(9) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1693-1699; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A3939 </span></div>
  
  
  
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