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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Recognizing Autoimmune-Mediated Encephalitis in the Differential Diagnosis of Limbic Disorders" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="SUMMARY: Limbic encephalitis is far more common than previously thought. It is not always associated with cancer, and it is potentially treatable. Autoantibodies against various neuronal cell antigens may arise independently or in association with cancer and cause autoimmune damage to the limbic system. Neuroimaging plays a key role in the management of patients with suspected limbic encephalitis by supporting diagnosis and excluding differential possibilities. This article describes the main types of autoimmune limbic encephalitis and its mimic disorders, and emphasizes their major imaging features.

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AMPAR
:   α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
CASPR2
:   contactin-associated protein-like 2
GAD65
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GABA
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HSE
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LE
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PLE
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&lt;p&gt;Limbic encephalitis is far more common than previously thought. It is not always associated with cancer, and it is potentially treatable. Autoantibodies against various neuronal cell antigens may arise independently or in association with cancer and cause autoimmune damage to the limbic system. Neuroimaging plays a key role in the management of patients with suspected limbic encephalitis by supporting diagnosis and excluding differential possibilities. This article describes the main types of autoimmune limbic encephalitis and its mimic disorders, and emphasizes their major imaging features.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Recognizing Autoimmune-Mediated Encephalitis in the Differential Diagnosis of Limbic Disorders" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="SUMMARY: Limbic encephalitis is far more common than previously thought. It is not always associated with cancer, and it is potentially treatable. Autoantibodies against various neuronal cell antigens may arise independently or in association with cancer and cause autoimmune damage to the limbic system. Neuroimaging plays a key role in the management of patients with suspected limbic encephalitis by supporting diagnosis and excluding differential possibilities. This article describes the main types of autoimmune limbic encephalitis and its mimic disorders, and emphasizes their major imaging features.

AME
:   autoimmune-mediated encephalopathy
AMPAR
:   α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
CASPR2
:   contactin-associated protein-like 2
GAD65
:   65-kD isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase
GABA
:   gamma-aminobutyric acid
HSE
:   herpes virus encephalitis
LE
:   limbic encephalitis
LGI1
:   leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1
PLE
:   paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis
TL
:   temporal lobe
VGKC
:   voltage-gated potassium channel" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Recognizing Autoimmune-Mediated Encephalitis in the Differential Diagnosis of Limbic Disorders" />
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<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="SUMMARY: Limbic encephalitis is far more common than previously thought. It is not always associated with cancer, and it is potentially treatable. Autoantibodies against various neuronal cell antigens may arise independently or in association with cancer and cause autoimmune damage to the limbic system. Neuroimaging plays a key role in the management of patients with suspected limbic encephalitis by supporting diagnosis and excluding differential possibilities. This article describes the main types of autoimmune limbic encephalitis and its mimic disorders, and emphasizes their major imaging features.

AME
:   autoimmune-mediated encephalopathy
AMPAR
:   α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
CASPR2
:   contactin-associated protein-like 2
GAD65
:   65-kD isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase
GABA
:   gamma-aminobutyric acid
HSE
:   herpes virus encephalitis
LE
:   limbic encephalitis
LGI1
:   leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1
PLE
:   paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis
TL
:   temporal lobe
VGKC
:   voltage-gated potassium channel" />
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">A.J. da Rocha</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">R.H. Nunes</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">A.C.M. Maia</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">L.L.F. do Amaral</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">December 2015,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">36 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(12) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">2196-2205; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A4408 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-849--616856641" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A.J. da Rocha </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Division of Neuroradiology (A.J.d.R., R.H.N., A.C.M.M., L.L.F.d.A.), Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Division of Neuroradiology (A.J.d.R., R.H.N., A.C.M.M.), Fleury Medicina e Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.J.%2Bda%2BRocha%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=da%20Rocha%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.J.%2Bda%2BRocha%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2591-9171" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for A.J. da Rocha</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">R.H. Nunes </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Division of Neuroradiology (A.J.d.R., R.H.N., A.C.M.M., L.L.F.d.A.), Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Division of Neuroradiology (A.J.d.R., R.H.N., A.C.M.M.), Fleury Medicina e Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Research Fellow, University of North Carolina (R.H.N.), Chapel Hill, North Carolina</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=R.H.%2BNunes%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Nunes%20R&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AR.H.%2BNunes%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2483-964X" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for R.H. Nunes</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A.C.M. Maia <span class="nlm-suffix">Jr</span></div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Division of Neuroradiology (A.J.d.R., R.H.N., A.C.M.M., L.L.F.d.A.), Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Division of Neuroradiology (A.J.d.R., R.H.N., A.C.M.M.), Fleury Medicina e Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.C.M.%2BMaia%2B%3Cspan%2Bclass%3D%22nlm-suffix%22%3EJr%3C/span%3E" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Maia%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.C.M.%2BMaia%2BJr" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">L.L.F. do Amaral </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Division of Neuroradiology (A.J.d.R., R.H.N., A.C.M.M., L.L.F.d.A.), Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Division of Neuroradiology (L.L.F.d.A.), Med Imagem, Hospital da Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=L.L.F.%2Bdo%2BAmaral%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=do%20Amaral%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AL.L.F.%2Bdo%2BAmaral%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 36</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 12 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Dec 2015 </div></div>
      
      
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Recognizing Autoimmune-Mediated Encephalitis in the Differential Diagnosis of Limbic Disorders</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">da Rocha</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">R.H.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Nunes</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.C.M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Maia</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.L.F.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">do Amaral</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Dec 2015, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">36 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(12) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">2196-2205; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A4408 </span></div>
  
  
  
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