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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Proton Resonance Frequency Chemical Shift Thermometry: Experimental Design and Validation toward High-Resolution Noninvasive Temperature Monitoring and In Vivo Experience in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Acute Ischemic Stroke" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A4241" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2015-06-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2015 by American Journal of Neuroradiology. Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Applications for noninvasive biologic temperature monitoring are widespread in biomedicine and of particular interest in the context of brain temperature regulation, where traditionally costly and invasive monitoring schemes limit their applicability in many settings. Brain thermal regulation, therefore, remains controversial, motivating the development of noninvasive approaches such as temperature-sensitive nuclear MR phenomena. The purpose of this work was to compare the utility of competing approaches to MR thermometry by using proton resonance frequency chemical shift. We tested 3 methodologies, hypothesizing the feasibility of a fast and accurate approach to chemical shift thermometry, in a phantom study at 3T.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A conventional, paired approach (difference [DIFF]-1), an accelerated single-scan approach (DIFF-2), and a new, further accelerated strategy (DIFF-3) were tested. Phantom temperatures were modulated during real-time fiber optic temperature monitoring, with MR thermometry derived simultaneously from temperature-sensitive changes in the water proton chemical shift (∼0.01 ppm/°C). MR thermometry was subsequently performed in a series of in vivo nonhuman primate experiments under physiologic and ischemic conditions, testing its reproducibility and overall performance.

RESULTS: Chemical shift thermometry demonstrated excellent agreement with phantom temperatures for all 3 approaches (DIFF-1: linear regression R 2 = 0.994; P &lt; .001; acquisition time = 4 minutes 40 seconds; DIFF-2: R 2 = 0.996; P &lt; .001; acquisition time = 4 minutes; DIFF-3: R 2 = 0.998; P &lt; .001; acquisition time = 40 seconds).

CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm the comparability in performance of 3 competing approaches to MR thermometry and present in vivo applications under physiologic and ischemic conditions in a primate stroke model.

DIFF
:   difference
PRF
:   proton resonance frequencies" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S. Dehkharghani" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="H. Mao" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="L. Howell" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="X. Zhang" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="K.S. Pate" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="P.R. Magrath" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="F. Tong" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="L. Wei" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D. Qiu" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C. Fleischer" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J.N. Oshinski" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2015-06-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Functional" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Proton Resonance Frequency Chemical Shift Thermometry: Experimental Design and Validation toward High-Resolution Noninvasive Temperature Monitoring and In Vivo Experience in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Acute Ischemic Stroke" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Applications for noninvasive biologic temperature monitoring are widespread in biomedicine and of particular interest in the context of brain temperature regulation, where traditionally costly and invasive monitoring schemes limit their applicability in many settings. Brain thermal regulation, therefore, remains controversial, motivating the development of noninvasive approaches such as temperature-sensitive nuclear MR phenomena. The purpose of this work was to compare the utility of competing approaches to MR thermometry by using proton resonance frequency chemical shift. We tested 3 methodologies, hypothesizing the feasibility of a fast and accurate approach to chemical shift thermometry, in a phantom study at 3T.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A conventional, paired approach (difference [DIFF]-1), an accelerated single-scan approach (DIFF-2), and a new, further accelerated strategy (DIFF-3) were tested. Phantom temperatures were modulated during real-time fiber optic temperature monitoring, with MR thermometry derived simultaneously from temperature-sensitive changes in the water proton chemical shift (∼0.01 ppm/°C). MR thermometry was subsequently performed in a series of in vivo nonhuman primate experiments under physiologic and ischemic conditions, testing its reproducibility and overall performance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Chemical shift thermometry demonstrated excellent agreement with phantom temperatures for all 3 approaches (DIFF-1: linear regression &lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.994; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .001; acquisition time = 4 minutes 40 seconds; DIFF-2: &lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.996; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .001; acquisition time = 4 minutes; DIFF-3: &lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.998; &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .001; acquisition time = 40 seconds).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These findings confirm the comparability in performance of 3 competing approaches to MR thermometry and present in vivo applications under physiologic and ischemic conditions in a primate stroke model.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="S. Dehkharghani" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="H. Mao" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Proton Resonance Frequency Chemical Shift Thermometry: Experimental Design and Validation toward High-Resolution Noninvasive Temperature Monitoring and In Vivo Experience in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Acute Ischemic Stroke" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Applications for noninvasive biologic temperature monitoring are widespread in biomedicine and of particular interest in the context of brain temperature regulation, where traditionally costly and invasive monitoring schemes limit their applicability in many settings. Brain thermal regulation, therefore, remains controversial, motivating the development of noninvasive approaches such as temperature-sensitive nuclear MR phenomena. The purpose of this work was to compare the utility of competing approaches to MR thermometry by using proton resonance frequency chemical shift. We tested 3 methodologies, hypothesizing the feasibility of a fast and accurate approach to chemical shift thermometry, in a phantom study at 3T.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A conventional, paired approach (difference [DIFF]-1), an accelerated single-scan approach (DIFF-2), and a new, further accelerated strategy (DIFF-3) were tested. Phantom temperatures were modulated during real-time fiber optic temperature monitoring, with MR thermometry derived simultaneously from temperature-sensitive changes in the water proton chemical shift (∼0.01 ppm/°C). MR thermometry was subsequently performed in a series of in vivo nonhuman primate experiments under physiologic and ischemic conditions, testing its reproducibility and overall performance.

RESULTS: Chemical shift thermometry demonstrated excellent agreement with phantom temperatures for all 3 approaches (DIFF-1: linear regression R 2 = 0.994; P &lt; .001; acquisition time = 4 minutes 40 seconds; DIFF-2: R 2 = 0.996; P &lt; .001; acquisition time = 4 minutes; DIFF-3: R 2 = 0.998; P &lt; .001; acquisition time = 40 seconds).

CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm the comparability in performance of 3 competing approaches to MR thermometry and present in vivo applications under physiologic and ischemic conditions in a primate stroke model.

DIFF
:   difference
PRF
:   proton resonance frequencies" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Proton Resonance Frequency Chemical Shift Thermometry: Experimental Design and Validation toward High-Resolution Noninvasive Temperature Monitoring and In Vivo Experience in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Acute Ischemic Stroke" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/36/6/1128" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Applications for noninvasive biologic temperature monitoring are widespread in biomedicine and of particular interest in the context of brain temperature regulation, where traditionally costly and invasive monitoring schemes limit their applicability in many settings. Brain thermal regulation, therefore, remains controversial, motivating the development of noninvasive approaches such as temperature-sensitive nuclear MR phenomena. The purpose of this work was to compare the utility of competing approaches to MR thermometry by using proton resonance frequency chemical shift. We tested 3 methodologies, hypothesizing the feasibility of a fast and accurate approach to chemical shift thermometry, in a phantom study at 3T.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A conventional, paired approach (difference [DIFF]-1), an accelerated single-scan approach (DIFF-2), and a new, further accelerated strategy (DIFF-3) were tested. Phantom temperatures were modulated during real-time fiber optic temperature monitoring, with MR thermometry derived simultaneously from temperature-sensitive changes in the water proton chemical shift (∼0.01 ppm/°C). MR thermometry was subsequently performed in a series of in vivo nonhuman primate experiments under physiologic and ischemic conditions, testing its reproducibility and overall performance.

RESULTS: Chemical shift thermometry demonstrated excellent agreement with phantom temperatures for all 3 approaches (DIFF-1: linear regression R 2 = 0.994; P &lt; .001; acquisition time = 4 minutes 40 seconds; DIFF-2: R 2 = 0.996; P &lt; .001; acquisition time = 4 minutes; DIFF-3: R 2 = 0.998; P &lt; .001; acquisition time = 40 seconds).

CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm the comparability in performance of 3 competing approaches to MR thermometry and present in vivo applications under physiologic and ischemic conditions in a primate stroke model.

DIFF
:   difference
PRF
:   proton resonance frequencies" />
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    <title>Proton Resonance Frequency Chemical Shift Thermometry: Experimental Design and Validation toward High-Resolution Noninvasive Temperature Monitoring and In Vivo Experience in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Acute Ischemic Stroke | American Journal of Neuroradiology</title>  
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node13940--5" data-node-nid="13940" id="top-node-13940--6416333349" data-pisa="ajnr;36/6/1128" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A4241" data-apath="/ajnr/36/6/1128.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Functional</span></span></div>
  
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Proton Resonance Frequency Chemical Shift Thermometry: Experimental Design and Validation toward High-Resolution Noninvasive Temperature Monitoring and In Vivo Experience in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Acute Ischemic Stroke</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">S. Dehkharghani</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">H. Mao</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">L. Howell</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">X. Zhang</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">K.S. Pate</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">P.R. Magrath</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">F. Tong</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">L. Wei</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">D. Qiu</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">C. Fleischer</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10">J.N. Oshinski</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">June 2015,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">36 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(6) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1128-1135; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A4241 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-13940--6416333349" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Dehkharghani </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (S.D., H.M., K.S.P., F.T., D.Q., J.N.O.), Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BDehkharghani%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Dehkharghani%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BDehkharghani%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">H. Mao </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (S.D., H.M., K.S.P., F.T., D.Q., J.N.O.), Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=H.%2BMao%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Mao%20H&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AH.%2BMao%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">L. Howell </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Yerkes National Primate Research Center (L.H., X.Z.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=L.%2BHowell%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Howell%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AL.%2BHowell%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">X. Zhang </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Yerkes National Primate Research Center (L.H., X.Z.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=X.%2BZhang%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Zhang%20X&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AX.%2BZhang%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">K.S. Pate </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (S.D., H.M., K.S.P., F.T., D.Q., J.N.O.), Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=K.S.%2BPate%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Pate%20K&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AK.S.%2BPate%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">P.R. Magrath </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Biomedical Engineering (P.R.M.), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=P.R.%2BMagrath%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Magrath%20P&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AP.R.%2BMagrath%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">F. Tong </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (S.D., H.M., K.S.P., F.T., D.Q., J.N.O.), Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=F.%2BTong%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Tong%20F&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AF.%2BTong%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">L. Wei </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Department of Biomedical Engineering (L.W., C.F.), Emory University-Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=L.%2BWei%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Wei%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AL.%2BWei%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">D. Qiu </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (S.D., H.M., K.S.P., F.T., D.Q., J.N.O.), Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=D.%2BQiu%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Qiu%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AD.%2BQiu%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-9"><div class="author-tooltip-name">C. 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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" data-highwire-cite-ref-tooltip-instance="highwire_reflinks_tooltip" class="content-block-markup" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div class="article abstract-view "><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-start"></span><div class="section abstract" id="abstract-1"><h2>Abstract</h2><div id="sec-1" class="subsection"><p id="p-2"><strong>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:</strong> Applications for noninvasive biologic temperature monitoring are widespread in biomedicine and of particular interest in the context of brain temperature regulation, where traditionally costly and invasive monitoring schemes limit their applicability in many settings. Brain thermal regulation, therefore, remains controversial, motivating the development of noninvasive approaches such as temperature-sensitive nuclear MR phenomena. The purpose of this work was to compare the utility of competing approaches to MR thermometry by using proton resonance frequency chemical shift. We tested 3 methodologies, hypothesizing the feasibility of a fast and accurate approach to chemical shift thermometry, in a phantom study at 3T.</p></div><div id="sec-2" class="subsection"><p id="p-3"><strong>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</strong> A conventional, paired approach (difference [DIFF]-1), an accelerated single-scan approach (DIFF-2), and a new, further accelerated strategy (DIFF-3) were tested. Phantom temperatures were modulated during real-time fiber optic temperature monitoring, with MR thermometry derived simultaneously from temperature-sensitive changes in the water proton chemical shift (∼0.01 ppm/°C). MR thermometry was subsequently performed in a series of in vivo nonhuman primate experiments under physiologic and ischemic conditions, testing its reproducibility and overall performance.</p></div><div id="sec-3" class="subsection"><p id="p-4"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Chemical shift thermometry demonstrated excellent agreement with phantom temperatures for all 3 approaches (DIFF-1: linear regression <em>R</em><sup>2</sup> = 0.994; <em>P</em> &lt; .001; acquisition time = 4 minutes 40 seconds; DIFF-2: <em>R</em><sup>2</sup> = 0.996; <em>P</em> &lt; .001; acquisition time = 4 minutes; DIFF-3: <em>R</em><sup>2</sup> = 0.998; <em>P</em> &lt; .001; acquisition time = 40 seconds).</p></div><div id="sec-4" class="subsection"><p id="p-5"><strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> These findings confirm the comparability in performance of 3 competing approaches to MR thermometry and present in vivo applications under physiologic and ischemic conditions in a primate stroke model.</p></div></div><div class="section glossary" id="glossary-1"><h2 class="">ABBREVIATIONS:</h2><dl id="def-list-1"><dt id="def-item-1">DIFF<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>difference<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-2">PRF<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>proton resonance frequencies</dd></dl></div><ul class="copyright-statement"><li class="fn" id="copyright-statement-1">© 2015 by American Journal of Neuroradiology</li></ul><div class="license" id="license-1"><p id="p-1">Indicates open access to non-subscribers at <a href="http://www.ajnr.org" rel="license">www.ajnr.org</a></p></div><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"></span></div><span class="related-urls"></span></div><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/36/6/1128.full" class="hw-link hw-link-article-full-text" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">View Full Text</a></div>  </div>

  
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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 36</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 6 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Jun 2015 </div></div>
      
      
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Dehkharghani</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">H.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mao</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Howell</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">X.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Zhang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">K.S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Pate</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Magrath</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">F.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Tong</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wei</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Qiu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Fleischer</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.N.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Oshinski</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jun 2015, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">36 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(6) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1128-1135; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A4241 </span></div>
  
  
  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Proton Resonance Frequency Chemical Shift Thermometry: Experimental Design and Validation toward High-Resolution Noninvasive Temperature Monitoring and In Vivo Experience in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Acute Ischemic Stroke</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Dehkharghani</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">H.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mao</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Howell</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">X.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Zhang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">K.S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Pate</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Magrath</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">F.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Tong</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wei</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Qiu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Fleischer</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.N.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Oshinski</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jun 2015, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">36 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(6) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1128-1135; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A4241 </span></div>
  
  
  
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