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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Modeling Early Postnatal Brain Growth and Development with CT: Changes in the Brain Radiodensity Histogram from Birth to 2 Years" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A5559" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2018-04-01" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The majority of brain growth and development occur in the first 2 years of life. This study investigated these changes by analysis of the brain radiodensity histogram of head CT scans from the clinical population, 0–2 years of age.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred twenty consecutive head CTs with normal findings meeting the inclusion criteria from children from birth to 2 years were retrospectively identified from 3 different CT scan platforms. Histogram analysis was performed on brain-extracted images, and histogram mean, mode, full width at half maximum, skewness, kurtosis, and SD were correlated with subject age. The effects of scan platform were investigated. Normative curves were fitted by polynomial regression analysis.

RESULTS: Average total brain volume was 360 cm3 at birth, 948 cm3 at 1 year, and 1072 cm3 at 2 years. Total brain tissue density showed an 11% increase in mean density at 1 year and 19% at 2 years. Brain radiodensity histogram skewness was positive at birth, declining logarithmically in the first 200 days of life. The histogram kurtosis also decreased in the first 200 days to approach a normal distribution. Direct segmentation of CT images showed that changes in brain radiodensity histogram skewness correlated with, and can be explained by, a relative increase in gray matter volume and an increase in gray and white matter tissue density that occurs during this period of brain maturation.

CONCLUSIONS: Normative metrics of the brain radiodensity histogram derived from routine clinical head CT images can be used to develop a model of normal brain development.

FWHM
:   full width at half maximum
ID
:   identification
LOOCV
:   leave-one-out cross-validation
RMSE
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R 2
:   coefficient of determination" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="K.A. Cauley" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Y. Hu" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J. Och" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="P.J. Yorks" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.W. Fielden" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2018-04-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="PEDIATRICS" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Modeling Early Postnatal Brain Growth and Development with CT: Changes in the Brain Radiodensity Histogram from Birth to 2 Years" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The majority of brain growth and development occur in the first 2 years of life. This study investigated these changes by analysis of the brain radiodensity histogram of head CT scans from the clinical population, 0–2 years of age.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;One hundred twenty consecutive head CTs with normal findings meeting the inclusion criteria from children from birth to 2 years were retrospectively identified from 3 different CT scan platforms. Histogram analysis was performed on brain-extracted images, and histogram mean, mode, full width at half maximum, skewness, kurtosis, and SD were correlated with subject age. The effects of scan platform were investigated. Normative curves were fitted by polynomial regression analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Average total brain volume was 360 cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; at birth, 948 cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; at 1 year, and 1072 cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; at 2 years. Total brain tissue density showed an 11% increase in mean density at 1 year and 19% at 2 years. Brain radiodensity histogram skewness was positive at birth, declining logarithmically in the first 200 days of life. The histogram kurtosis also decreased in the first 200 days to approach a normal distribution. Direct segmentation of CT images showed that changes in brain radiodensity histogram skewness correlated with, and can be explained by, a relative increase in gray matter volume and an increase in gray and white matter tissue density that occurs during this period of brain maturation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Normative metrics of the brain radiodensity histogram derived from routine clinical head CT images can be used to develop a model of normal brain development.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="P.J. Yorks" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="cDepartment of Medical &amp; Health Physics (J.O., P.J.Y.), Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Modeling Early Postnatal Brain Growth and Development with CT: Changes in the Brain Radiodensity Histogram from Birth to 2 Years" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The majority of brain growth and development occur in the first 2 years of life. This study investigated these changes by analysis of the brain radiodensity histogram of head CT scans from the clinical population, 0–2 years of age.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred twenty consecutive head CTs with normal findings meeting the inclusion criteria from children from birth to 2 years were retrospectively identified from 3 different CT scan platforms. Histogram analysis was performed on brain-extracted images, and histogram mean, mode, full width at half maximum, skewness, kurtosis, and SD were correlated with subject age. The effects of scan platform were investigated. Normative curves were fitted by polynomial regression analysis.

RESULTS: Average total brain volume was 360 cm3 at birth, 948 cm3 at 1 year, and 1072 cm3 at 2 years. Total brain tissue density showed an 11% increase in mean density at 1 year and 19% at 2 years. Brain radiodensity histogram skewness was positive at birth, declining logarithmically in the first 200 days of life. The histogram kurtosis also decreased in the first 200 days to approach a normal distribution. Direct segmentation of CT images showed that changes in brain radiodensity histogram skewness correlated with, and can be explained by, a relative increase in gray matter volume and an increase in gray and white matter tissue density that occurs during this period of brain maturation.

CONCLUSIONS: Normative metrics of the brain radiodensity histogram derived from routine clinical head CT images can be used to develop a model of normal brain development.

FWHM
:   full width at half maximum
ID
:   identification
LOOCV
:   leave-one-out cross-validation
RMSE
:   root-mean-square error
R 2
:   coefficient of determination" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Modeling Early Postnatal Brain Growth and Development with CT: Changes in the Brain Radiodensity Histogram from Birth to 2 Years" />
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<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The majority of brain growth and development occur in the first 2 years of life. This study investigated these changes by analysis of the brain radiodensity histogram of head CT scans from the clinical population, 0–2 years of age.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred twenty consecutive head CTs with normal findings meeting the inclusion criteria from children from birth to 2 years were retrospectively identified from 3 different CT scan platforms. Histogram analysis was performed on brain-extracted images, and histogram mean, mode, full width at half maximum, skewness, kurtosis, and SD were correlated with subject age. The effects of scan platform were investigated. Normative curves were fitted by polynomial regression analysis.

RESULTS: Average total brain volume was 360 cm3 at birth, 948 cm3 at 1 year, and 1072 cm3 at 2 years. Total brain tissue density showed an 11% increase in mean density at 1 year and 19% at 2 years. Brain radiodensity histogram skewness was positive at birth, declining logarithmically in the first 200 days of life. The histogram kurtosis also decreased in the first 200 days to approach a normal distribution. Direct segmentation of CT images showed that changes in brain radiodensity histogram skewness correlated with, and can be explained by, a relative increase in gray matter volume and an increase in gray and white matter tissue density that occurs during this period of brain maturation.

CONCLUSIONS: Normative metrics of the brain radiodensity histogram derived from routine clinical head CT images can be used to develop a model of normal brain development.

FWHM
:   full width at half maximum
ID
:   identification
LOOCV
:   leave-one-out cross-validation
RMSE
:   root-mean-square error
R 2
:   coefficient of determination" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node60176--5" data-node-nid="60176" id="top-node-60176--6551984447" data-pisa="ajnr;39/4/775" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A5559" data-apath="/ajnr/39/4/775.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">PEDIATRICS</span></span></div>
  
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Modeling Early Postnatal Brain Growth and Development with CT: Changes in the Brain Radiodensity Histogram from Birth to 2 Years</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">K.A. Cauley</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">Y. Hu</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">J. Och</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">P.J. Yorks</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">S.W. Fielden</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">April 2018,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">39 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(4) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">775-781; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5559 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-60176--6551984447" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">K.A. Cauley </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology (K.A.C., S.W.F.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=K.A.%2BCauley%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Cauley%20K&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AK.A.%2BCauley%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-0650" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for K.A. Cauley</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Y. Hu </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Biomedical & Translational Informatics (Y.H.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Y.%2BHu%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Hu%20Y&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AY.%2BHu%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0477-0155" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Y. Hu</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J. Och </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Medical & Health Physics (J.O., P.J.Y.), Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.%2BOch%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Och%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.%2BOch%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4221-0060" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J. Och</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">P.J. Yorks </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Medical & Health Physics (J.O., P.J.Y.), Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=P.J.%2BYorks%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Yorks%20P&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AP.J.%2BYorks%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4774-4018" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for P.J. Yorks</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S.W. Fielden </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology (K.A.C., S.W.F.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Department of Imaging Science & Innovation (S.W.F.), Geisinger Health System, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.W.%2BFielden%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Fielden%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.W.%2BFielden%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5987-981X" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S.W. 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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 39</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 4 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Apr 2018 </div></div>
      
      
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