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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Postcontrast T1 Mapping for Differential Diagnosis of Recurrence and Radionecrosis after Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Brain Metastasis" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A5643" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2018-06-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2018 by American Journal of Neuroradiology. Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="open-access" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The differential diagnosis of radionecrosis and tumor recurrence in brain metastases is challenging. We investigated the diagnostic efficiency of postcontrast T1 mapping in solving this problem.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 2016 and June 2017, fifty-six patients with brain metastases who underwent contrast-enhanced cerebral T1 mapping were recruited for this prospective study. The findings revealed new enhancement after gamma knife radiosurgery. The subjects were assigned to radionecrosis and recurrence groups based on follow-up (median, 11.5 months) and histopathologic results. T1 values of lesions 5 (T15min) and 60 (T160min) minutes after administration of contrast agent and their difference (T1differ) were compared between the 2 groups with the 2-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the optimum cutoff values for differential diagnosis.

RESULTS: There were significant differences between the 2 groups in T15min, T160min, and T1differ values ( P = .012, P = .004, and P &lt; .001, respectively). Relative to T15min and T160min, T1differ exhibited greater sensitivity and specificity ( P &lt; .001, respectively) in identifying radionecrosis. The optimum T1differ value for differential diagnosis was 71.1 ms (area under the curve = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.93–1.00), with sensitivity and specificity of 81.5% and 96.5%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: Postcontrast T1 mapping is optimal for the differential diagnosis of radionecrosis and tumor recurrence. Among T1 parameters, T1differ is the most powerful parameter for differential diagnosis. Advantages in terms of quantitative analysis and high resolution portend the wide use of postcontrast T1 mapping in the future.

AUC
:   area under the curve
BM
:   brain metastases
GKR
:   gamma knife radiosurgery
rCBV
:   relative cerebral blood volume
T15min
:   T1 values at 5 minutes after contrast administration
T160min
:   T1 values at 60 minutes after contrast administration
T1differ
:   the difference between T160min − T15min" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="B. Wang" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Y. Zhang" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="B. Zhao" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="P. Zhao" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Ge" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Gao" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="F. Ding" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S. Xu" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Y. Liu" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2018-06-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Adult Brain" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Postcontrast T1 Mapping for Differential Diagnosis of Recurrence and Radionecrosis after Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Brain Metastasis" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The differential diagnosis of radionecrosis and tumor recurrence in brain metastases is challenging. We investigated the diagnostic efficiency of postcontrast T1 mapping in solving this problem.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Between March 2016 and June 2017, fifty-six patients with brain metastases who underwent contrast-enhanced cerebral T1 mapping were recruited for this prospective study. The findings revealed new enhancement after gamma knife radiosurgery. The subjects were assigned to radionecrosis and recurrence groups based on follow-up (median, 11.5 months) and histopathologic results. T1 values of lesions 5 (T1&lt;sub&gt;5min&lt;/sub&gt;) and 60 (T1&lt;sub&gt;60min&lt;/sub&gt;) minutes after administration of contrast agent and their difference (T1&lt;sub&gt;differ&lt;/sub&gt;) were compared between the 2 groups with the 2-tailed Mann-Whitney &lt;i&gt;U&lt;/i&gt; test. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the optimum cutoff values for differential diagnosis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There were significant differences between the 2 groups in T1&lt;sub&gt;5min&lt;/sub&gt;, T1&lt;sub&gt;60min&lt;/sub&gt;, and T1&lt;sub&gt;differ&lt;/sub&gt; values (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .012, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .004, and &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .001, respectively). Relative to T1&lt;sub&gt;5min&lt;/sub&gt; and T1&lt;sub&gt;60min&lt;/sub&gt;, T1&lt;sub&gt;differ&lt;/sub&gt; exhibited greater sensitivity and specificity (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .001, respectively) in identifying radionecrosis. The optimum T1&lt;sub&gt;differ&lt;/sub&gt; value for differential diagnosis was 71.1 ms (area under the curve = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.93–1.00), with sensitivity and specificity of 81.5% and 96.5%, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Postcontrast T1 mapping is optimal for the differential diagnosis of radionecrosis and tumor recurrence. Among T1 parameters, T1&lt;sub&gt;differ&lt;/sub&gt; is the most powerful parameter for differential diagnosis. Advantages in terms of quantitative analysis and high resolution portend the wide use of postcontrast T1 mapping in the future.&lt;/p&gt;" />
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="citation_publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2018/06/01" />
<meta name="citation_mjid" content="ajnr;39/6/1025" />
<meta name="citation_id" content="39/6/1025" />
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<meta name="citation_issn" content="0195-6108" />
<meta name="citation_issn" content="1936-959X" />
<meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3174/ajnr.A5643" />
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<meta name="citation_volume" content="39" />
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<meta name="citation_article_type" content="Research Article" />
<meta name="citation_section" content="Adult Brain" />
<meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1025" />
<meta name="citation_lastpage" content="1031" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="B. Wang" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="aFrom the School of Medicine (B.W.)" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="B. Zhao" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="M. Ge" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="M. Gao" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="cDepartment of Neurosurgery (P.Z., M.Ge, M.Gao, F.D., S.X., Y.L.), Provincial Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China." />
<meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2147-9167" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="F. Ding" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="cDepartment of Neurosurgery (P.Z., M.Ge, M.Gao, F.D., S.X., Y.L.), Provincial Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China." />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="S. Xu" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="cDepartment of Neurosurgery (P.Z., M.Ge, M.Gao, F.D., S.X., Y.L.), Provincial Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China." />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Postcontrast T1 Mapping for Differential Diagnosis of Recurrence and Radionecrosis after Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Brain Metastasis" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The differential diagnosis of radionecrosis and tumor recurrence in brain metastases is challenging. We investigated the diagnostic efficiency of postcontrast T1 mapping in solving this problem.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 2016 and June 2017, fifty-six patients with brain metastases who underwent contrast-enhanced cerebral T1 mapping were recruited for this prospective study. The findings revealed new enhancement after gamma knife radiosurgery. The subjects were assigned to radionecrosis and recurrence groups based on follow-up (median, 11.5 months) and histopathologic results. T1 values of lesions 5 (T15min) and 60 (T160min) minutes after administration of contrast agent and their difference (T1differ) were compared between the 2 groups with the 2-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the optimum cutoff values for differential diagnosis.

RESULTS: There were significant differences between the 2 groups in T15min, T160min, and T1differ values ( P = .012, P = .004, and P &lt; .001, respectively). Relative to T15min and T160min, T1differ exhibited greater sensitivity and specificity ( P &lt; .001, respectively) in identifying radionecrosis. The optimum T1differ value for differential diagnosis was 71.1 ms (area under the curve = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.93–1.00), with sensitivity and specificity of 81.5% and 96.5%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: Postcontrast T1 mapping is optimal for the differential diagnosis of radionecrosis and tumor recurrence. Among T1 parameters, T1differ is the most powerful parameter for differential diagnosis. Advantages in terms of quantitative analysis and high resolution portend the wide use of postcontrast T1 mapping in the future.

AUC
:   area under the curve
BM
:   brain metastases
GKR
:   gamma knife radiosurgery
rCBV
:   relative cerebral blood volume
T15min
:   T1 values at 5 minutes after contrast administration
T160min
:   T1 values at 60 minutes after contrast administration
T1differ
:   the difference between T160min − T15min" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Postcontrast T1 Mapping for Differential Diagnosis of Recurrence and Radionecrosis after Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Brain Metastasis" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/39/6/1025" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The differential diagnosis of radionecrosis and tumor recurrence in brain metastases is challenging. We investigated the diagnostic efficiency of postcontrast T1 mapping in solving this problem.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 2016 and June 2017, fifty-six patients with brain metastases who underwent contrast-enhanced cerebral T1 mapping were recruited for this prospective study. The findings revealed new enhancement after gamma knife radiosurgery. The subjects were assigned to radionecrosis and recurrence groups based on follow-up (median, 11.5 months) and histopathologic results. T1 values of lesions 5 (T15min) and 60 (T160min) minutes after administration of contrast agent and their difference (T1differ) were compared between the 2 groups with the 2-tailed Mann-Whitney U test. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the optimum cutoff values for differential diagnosis.

RESULTS: There were significant differences between the 2 groups in T15min, T160min, and T1differ values ( P = .012, P = .004, and P &lt; .001, respectively). Relative to T15min and T160min, T1differ exhibited greater sensitivity and specificity ( P &lt; .001, respectively) in identifying radionecrosis. The optimum T1differ value for differential diagnosis was 71.1 ms (area under the curve = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.93–1.00), with sensitivity and specificity of 81.5% and 96.5%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: Postcontrast T1 mapping is optimal for the differential diagnosis of radionecrosis and tumor recurrence. Among T1 parameters, T1differ is the most powerful parameter for differential diagnosis. Advantages in terms of quantitative analysis and high resolution portend the wide use of postcontrast T1 mapping in the future.

AUC
:   area under the curve
BM
:   brain metastases
GKR
:   gamma knife radiosurgery
rCBV
:   relative cerebral blood volume
T15min
:   T1 values at 5 minutes after contrast administration
T160min
:   T1 values at 60 minutes after contrast administration
T1differ
:   the difference between T160min − T15min" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node61305--5" data-node-nid="61305" id="top-node-61305--6174112587" data-pisa="ajnr;39/6/1025" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A5643" data-apath="/ajnr/39/6/1025.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Adult Brain</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><i class="highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access open-access hw-icon-open-access" title="Open Access" aria-hidden="true"></i><span  class="element-invisible highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access" style="">Open Access</span></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Postcontrast T1 Mapping for Differential Diagnosis of Recurrence and Radionecrosis after Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Brain Metastasis</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">B. Wang</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">Y. Zhang</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">B. Zhao</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">P. Zhao</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">M. Ge</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">M. Gao</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">F. Ding</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">S. Xu</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">Y. Liu</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">June 2018,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">39 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(6) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1025-1031; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5643 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-61305--6174112587" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">B. Wang </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the School of Medicine (B.W.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=B.%2BWang%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Wang%20B&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AB.%2BWang%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5513-8248" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for B. Wang</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Y. Zhang </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute (Y.Z., B.Z.), Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Y.%2BZhang%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Zhang%20Y&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AY.%2BZhang%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5920-695X" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Y. Zhang</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">B. Zhao </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute (Y.Z., B.Z.), Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=B.%2BZhao%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Zhao%20B&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AB.%2BZhao%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3489-9435" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for B. Zhao</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">P. Zhao </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Neurosurgery (P.Z., M.Ge, M.Gao, F.D., S.X., Y.L.), Provincial Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=P.%2BZhao%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Zhao%20P&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AP.%2BZhao%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2556-9266" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for P. Zhao</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M. Ge </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Neurosurgery (P.Z., M.Ge, M.Gao, F.D., S.X., Y.L.), Provincial Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BGe%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Ge%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BGe%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4545-7293" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M. Ge</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M. Gao </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Neurosurgery (P.Z., M.Ge, M.Gao, F.D., S.X., Y.L.), Provincial Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BGao%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Gao%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BGao%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2147-9167" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M. Gao</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">F. Ding </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Neurosurgery (P.Z., M.Ge, M.Gao, F.D., S.X., Y.L.), Provincial Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=F.%2BDing%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Ding%20F&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AF.%2BDing%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8118-6270" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for F. Ding</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Xu </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Neurosurgery (P.Z., M.Ge, M.Gao, F.D., S.X., Y.L.), Provincial Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BXu%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Xu%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BXu%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1675-9092" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S. Xu</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Y. Liu </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Neurosurgery (P.Z., M.Ge, M.Gao, F.D., S.X., Y.L.), Provincial Hospital Affiliated with Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Y.%2BLiu%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Liu%20Y&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AY.%2BLiu%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6656-2511" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Y. Liu</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Postcontrast T1 Mapping for Differential Diagnosis of Recurrence and Radionecrosis after Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Brain Metastasis</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">B.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">Y.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Zhang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">B.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Zhao</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Zhao</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ge</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Gao</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">F.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ding</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Xu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">Y.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Liu</span></span></span></div>
  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Postcontrast T1 Mapping for Differential Diagnosis of Recurrence and Radionecrosis after Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Brain Metastasis</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">B.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Wang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">Y.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Zhang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">B.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Zhao</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Zhao</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ge</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Gao</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">F.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Ding</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Xu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">Y.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Liu</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jun 2018, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">39 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(6) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1025-1031; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A5643 </span></div>
  
  
  
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