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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Moving Toward a Consensus DSC-MRI Protocol: Validation of a Low–Flip Angle Single-Dose Option as a Reference Standard for Brain Tumors" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A6015" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2019-04-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2019 by American Journal of Neuroradiology. Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="open-access" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: DSC-MR imaging using preload, intermediate (60°) flip angle and postprocessing leakage correction has gained traction as a standard methodology. Simulations suggest that DSC-MR imaging with flip angle = 30° and no preload yields relative CBV practically equivalent to the reference standard. This study tested this hypothesis in vivo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-four patients with brain lesions were enrolled in this 3-institution study. Forty-three patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. DSC-MR imaging (3T, single-dose gadobutrol, gradient recalled-echo–EPI, TE = 20–35 ms, TR = 1.2–1.63 seconds) was performed twice for each patient, with flip angle = 30°–35° and no preload (P−), which provided preload (P+) for the subsequent intermediate flip angle = 60°. Normalized relative CBV and standardized relative CBV maps were generated, including postprocessing with contrast agent leakage correction (C+) and without (C−) contrast agent leakage correction. Contrast-enhancing lesion volume, mean relative CBV, and contrast-to-noise ratio obtained with 30°/P−/C−, 30°/P−/C+, and 60°/P+/C− were compared with 60°/P+/C+ using the Lin concordance correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis. Equivalence between the 30°/P−/C+ and 60°/P+/C+ protocols and the temporal SNR for the 30°/P− and 60°/P+ DSC-MR imaging data was also determined.

RESULTS: Compared with 60°/P+/C+, 30°/P−/C+ had closest mean standardized relative CBV ( P = .61), highest Lin concordance correlation coefficient (0.96), and lowest Bland-Altman bias (μ = 1.89), compared with 30°/P−/C− ( P = .02, Lin concordance correlation coefficient = 0.59, μ = 14.6) and 60°/P+/C− ( P = .03, Lin concordance correlation coefficient = 0.88, μ = −10.1) with no statistical difference in contrast-to-noise ratios across protocols. The normalized relative CBV and standardized relative CBV were statistically equivalent at the 10% level using either the 30°/P−/C+ or 60°/P+/C+ protocols. Temporal SNR was not significantly different for 30°/P− and 60°/P+ ( P = .06).

CONCLUSIONS: Tumor relative CBV derived from low–flip angle, no-preload DSC-MR imaging with leakage correction is an attractive single-dose alternative to the higher dose reference standard.

C−
:   postprocessing without contrast agent leakage correction
C+
:   postprocessing with contrast agent leakage correction
LCCC
:   Lin concordance correlation coefficient
nRCBV
:   normalized relative CBV
P−
:   a preload of contrast agent was not administered
P+
:   a preload of contrast agent was administered
rCBV
:   relative CBV
sRCBV
:   standardized relative CBV" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="K.M. Schmainda" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M.A. Prah" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="L.S. Hu" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C.C. Quarles" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="N. Semmineh" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.D. Rand" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J.M. Connelly" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="B. Anderies" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Y. Zhou" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Y. Liu" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="B. Logan" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A. Stokes" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="G. Baird" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J.L. Boxerman" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2019-04-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Adult Brain" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Moving Toward a Consensus DSC-MRI Protocol: Validation of a Low–Flip Angle Single-Dose Option as a Reference Standard for Brain Tumors" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;DSC-MR imaging using preload, intermediate (60°) flip angle and postprocessing leakage correction has gained traction as a standard methodology. Simulations suggest that DSC-MR imaging with flip angle = 30° and no preload yields relative CBV practically equivalent to the reference standard. This study tested this hypothesis in vivo.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Eighty-four patients with brain lesions were enrolled in this 3-institution study. Forty-three patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. DSC-MR imaging (3T, single-dose gadobutrol, gradient recalled-echo–EPI, TE = 20–35 ms, TR = 1.2–1.63 seconds) was performed twice for each patient, with flip angle = 30°–35° and no preload (P−), which provided preload (P+) for the subsequent intermediate flip angle = 60°. Normalized relative CBV and standardized relative CBV maps were generated, including postprocessing with contrast agent leakage correction (C+) and without (C−) contrast agent leakage correction. Contrast-enhancing lesion volume, mean relative CBV, and contrast-to-noise ratio obtained with 30°/P−/C−, 30°/P−/C+, and 60°/P+/C− were compared with 60°/P+/C+ using the Lin concordance correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis. Equivalence between the 30°/P−/C+ and 60°/P+/C+ protocols and the temporal SNR for the 30°/P− and 60°/P+ DSC-MR imaging data was also determined.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Compared with 60°/P+/C+, 30°/P−/C+ had closest mean standardized relative CBV (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .61), highest Lin concordance correlation coefficient (0.96), and lowest Bland-Altman bias (μ = 1.89), compared with 30°/P−/C− (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .02, Lin concordance correlation coefficient = 0.59, μ = 14.6) and 60°/P+/C− (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .03, Lin concordance correlation coefficient = 0.88, μ = −10.1) with no statistical difference in contrast-to-noise ratios across protocols. The normalized relative CBV and standardized relative CBV were statistically equivalent at the 10% level using either the 30°/P−/C+ or 60°/P+/C+ protocols. Temporal SNR was not significantly different for 30°/P− and 60°/P+ (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .06).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tumor relative CBV derived from low–flip angle, no-preload DSC-MR imaging with leakage correction is an attractive single-dose alternative to the higher dose reference standard.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Moving Toward a Consensus DSC-MRI Protocol: Validation of a Low–Flip Angle Single-Dose Option as a Reference Standard for Brain Tumors" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: DSC-MR imaging using preload, intermediate (60°) flip angle and postprocessing leakage correction has gained traction as a standard methodology. Simulations suggest that DSC-MR imaging with flip angle = 30° and no preload yields relative CBV practically equivalent to the reference standard. This study tested this hypothesis in vivo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-four patients with brain lesions were enrolled in this 3-institution study. Forty-three patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. DSC-MR imaging (3T, single-dose gadobutrol, gradient recalled-echo–EPI, TE = 20–35 ms, TR = 1.2–1.63 seconds) was performed twice for each patient, with flip angle = 30°–35° and no preload (P−), which provided preload (P+) for the subsequent intermediate flip angle = 60°. Normalized relative CBV and standardized relative CBV maps were generated, including postprocessing with contrast agent leakage correction (C+) and without (C−) contrast agent leakage correction. Contrast-enhancing lesion volume, mean relative CBV, and contrast-to-noise ratio obtained with 30°/P−/C−, 30°/P−/C+, and 60°/P+/C− were compared with 60°/P+/C+ using the Lin concordance correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis. Equivalence between the 30°/P−/C+ and 60°/P+/C+ protocols and the temporal SNR for the 30°/P− and 60°/P+ DSC-MR imaging data was also determined.

RESULTS: Compared with 60°/P+/C+, 30°/P−/C+ had closest mean standardized relative CBV ( P = .61), highest Lin concordance correlation coefficient (0.96), and lowest Bland-Altman bias (μ = 1.89), compared with 30°/P−/C− ( P = .02, Lin concordance correlation coefficient = 0.59, μ = 14.6) and 60°/P+/C− ( P = .03, Lin concordance correlation coefficient = 0.88, μ = −10.1) with no statistical difference in contrast-to-noise ratios across protocols. The normalized relative CBV and standardized relative CBV were statistically equivalent at the 10% level using either the 30°/P−/C+ or 60°/P+/C+ protocols. Temporal SNR was not significantly different for 30°/P− and 60°/P+ ( P = .06).

CONCLUSIONS: Tumor relative CBV derived from low–flip angle, no-preload DSC-MR imaging with leakage correction is an attractive single-dose alternative to the higher dose reference standard.

C−
:   postprocessing without contrast agent leakage correction
C+
:   postprocessing with contrast agent leakage correction
LCCC
:   Lin concordance correlation coefficient
nRCBV
:   normalized relative CBV
P−
:   a preload of contrast agent was not administered
P+
:   a preload of contrast agent was administered
rCBV
:   relative CBV
sRCBV
:   standardized relative CBV" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Moving Toward a Consensus DSC-MRI Protocol: Validation of a Low–Flip Angle Single-Dose Option as a Reference Standard for Brain Tumors" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/40/4/626" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: DSC-MR imaging using preload, intermediate (60°) flip angle and postprocessing leakage correction has gained traction as a standard methodology. Simulations suggest that DSC-MR imaging with flip angle = 30° and no preload yields relative CBV practically equivalent to the reference standard. This study tested this hypothesis in vivo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-four patients with brain lesions were enrolled in this 3-institution study. Forty-three patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. DSC-MR imaging (3T, single-dose gadobutrol, gradient recalled-echo–EPI, TE = 20–35 ms, TR = 1.2–1.63 seconds) was performed twice for each patient, with flip angle = 30°–35° and no preload (P−), which provided preload (P+) for the subsequent intermediate flip angle = 60°. Normalized relative CBV and standardized relative CBV maps were generated, including postprocessing with contrast agent leakage correction (C+) and without (C−) contrast agent leakage correction. Contrast-enhancing lesion volume, mean relative CBV, and contrast-to-noise ratio obtained with 30°/P−/C−, 30°/P−/C+, and 60°/P+/C− were compared with 60°/P+/C+ using the Lin concordance correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis. Equivalence between the 30°/P−/C+ and 60°/P+/C+ protocols and the temporal SNR for the 30°/P− and 60°/P+ DSC-MR imaging data was also determined.

RESULTS: Compared with 60°/P+/C+, 30°/P−/C+ had closest mean standardized relative CBV ( P = .61), highest Lin concordance correlation coefficient (0.96), and lowest Bland-Altman bias (μ = 1.89), compared with 30°/P−/C− ( P = .02, Lin concordance correlation coefficient = 0.59, μ = 14.6) and 60°/P+/C− ( P = .03, Lin concordance correlation coefficient = 0.88, μ = −10.1) with no statistical difference in contrast-to-noise ratios across protocols. The normalized relative CBV and standardized relative CBV were statistically equivalent at the 10% level using either the 30°/P−/C+ or 60°/P+/C+ protocols. Temporal SNR was not significantly different for 30°/P− and 60°/P+ ( P = .06).

CONCLUSIONS: Tumor relative CBV derived from low–flip angle, no-preload DSC-MR imaging with leakage correction is an attractive single-dose alternative to the higher dose reference standard.

C−
:   postprocessing without contrast agent leakage correction
C+
:   postprocessing with contrast agent leakage correction
LCCC
:   Lin concordance correlation coefficient
nRCBV
:   normalized relative CBV
P−
:   a preload of contrast agent was not administered
P+
:   a preload of contrast agent was administered
rCBV
:   relative CBV
sRCBV
:   standardized relative CBV" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node66918--5" data-node-nid="66918" id="top-node-66918--6739213545" data-pisa="ajnr;40/4/626" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A6015" data-apath="/ajnr/40/4/626.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Adult Brain</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><i class="highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access open-access hw-icon-open-access" title="Open Access" aria-hidden="true"></i><span  class="element-invisible highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access" style="">Open Access</span></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Moving Toward a Consensus DSC-MRI Protocol: Validation of a Low–Flip Angle Single-Dose Option as a Reference Standard for Brain Tumors</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">K.M. Schmainda</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">M.A. Prah</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">L.S. Hu</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">C.C. Quarles</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">N. Semmineh</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">S.D. Rand</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">J.M. Connelly</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">B. Anderies</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">Y. Zhou</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">Y. Liu</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10">B. Logan</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11">A. Stokes</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12">G. Baird</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="13">J.L. Boxerman</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">April 2019,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">40 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(4) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">626-633; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6015 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-66918--6739213545" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">K.M. Schmainda </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Biophysics (K.M.S., M.A.P.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Radiology (K.M.S., S.D.R.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=K.M.%2BSchmainda%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Schmainda%20K&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AK.M.%2BSchmainda%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6402-2602" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for K.M. Schmainda</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M.A. Prah </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Biophysics (K.M.S., M.A.P.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.A.%2BPrah%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Prah%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.A.%2BPrah%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9775-9926" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M.A. Prah</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">L.S. Hu </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>Departments of Radiology (L.S.H., Y.Z.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=L.S.%2BHu%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Hu%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AL.S.%2BHu%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9282-7619" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for L.S. Hu</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">C.C. Quarles </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>g</span>Division of Imaging Research (C.C.Q., N.S., A.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=C.C.%2BQuarles%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Quarles%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AC.C.%2BQuarles%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1731-0940" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for C.C. Quarles</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">N. Semmineh </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>g</span>Division of Imaging Research (C.C.Q., N.S., A.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=N.%2BSemmineh%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Semmineh%20N&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AN.%2BSemmineh%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6336-371X" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for N. Semmineh</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S.D. Rand </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Radiology (K.M.S., S.D.R.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.D.%2BRand%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Rand%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.D.%2BRand%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4136-9352" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S.D. Rand</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J.M. Connelly </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Neurology (J.M.C.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.M.%2BConnelly%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Connelly%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.M.%2BConnelly%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6122-8573" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J.M. Connelly</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">B. Anderies </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>f</span>Neurosurgery (B.A.), Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=B.%2BAnderies%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Anderies%20B&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AB.%2BAnderies%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3302-3092" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for B. Anderies</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Y. Zhou </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>Departments of Radiology (L.S.H., Y.Z.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Y.%2BZhou%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Zhou%20Y&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AY.%2BZhou%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3462-2305" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Y. Zhou</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-9"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Y. Liu </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Society (Y.L., B.L.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Y.%2BLiu%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Liu%20Y&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AY.%2BLiu%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6566-0478" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Y. Liu</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-10"><div class="author-tooltip-name">B. Logan </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Society (Y.L., B.L.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=B.%2BLogan%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Logan%20B&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AB.%2BLogan%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4473-4044" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for B. Logan</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-11"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A. Stokes </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>g</span>Division of Imaging Research (C.C.Q., N.S., A.S.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.%2BStokes%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Stokes%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.%2BStokes%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1137-5003" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for A. 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Boxerman </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>h</span>Department of Diagnostic Imaging (J.L.B., G.B.), Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.L.%2BBoxerman%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Boxerman%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.L.%2BBoxerman%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0594-1542" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J.L. 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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Moving Toward a Consensus DSC-MRI Protocol: Validation of a Low–Flip Angle Single-Dose Option as a Reference Standard for Brain Tumors</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">K.M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Schmainda</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Prah</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.C.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Quarles</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">N.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Semmineh</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Rand</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Connelly</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">B.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Anderies</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">Y.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Zhou</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">Y.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Liu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10"><span class="nlm-given-names">B.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Logan</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Stokes</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Baird</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="13"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Boxerman</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Apr 2019, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">40 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(4) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">626-633; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A6015 </span></div>
  
  
  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Moving Toward a Consensus DSC-MRI Protocol: Validation of a Low–Flip Angle Single-Dose Option as a Reference Standard for Brain Tumors</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">K.M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Schmainda</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Prah</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.C.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Quarles</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">N.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Semmineh</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Rand</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Connelly</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">B.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Anderies</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">Y.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Zhou</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">Y.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Liu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="10"><span class="nlm-given-names">B.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Logan</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="11"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Stokes</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="12"><span class="nlm-given-names">G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Baird</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="13"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Boxerman</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Apr 2019, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">40 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(4) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">626-633; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A6015 </span></div>
  
  
  
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