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<meta name="DC.Title" content="CT-Based Measurements of Facial Parameters of Healthy Children and Adolescents in Thailand" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A6731" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2020-10-01" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Facial parameters are used for evaluating normal growth patterns, diagnosing patients with craniofacial abnormalities, and planning surgical procedures. However, these parameters vary by ethnicity and race. This study aims to describe soft-tissue and bony facial parameters based on CT of healthy pediatric and adolescent patients in Thailand.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT imaging of the brain, orbit, facial bones, and neck was performed at Maharaj Nakorn Chiangmai Hospital, in patients from birth to 19 years old. Patients with known syndromic disease, craniofacial syndrome, facial trauma and/or infection, and previous surgery that deformed the study area were excluded. The key points of measurement were soft-tissue intercanthal, bony interorbital, and bony lateral orbital distances.

RESULTS: There were 932 patients: 554 males (59.4%) and 378 females (40.6%). Facial parameters rapidly increased in the first 2 years of life. Significant differences in these parameters between the males and females were found at the age of ≥15 years. However, ratios of the interorbital to the lateral orbital distance were generally consistent among age groups in both sexes, at 0.25.

CONCLUSIONS: This study, in Thailand, provides detailed age- and sex-specific normative data of the craniofacial measurements in children and adolescences based on CT imaging. These data can be used for evaluating individual patients with craniofacial abnormalities as well as determining the treatment in Thai and Asian populations, in whom craniofacial abnormalities, for example, frontoethmoidal encephalomeningocele, are common.

IC
:   intercanthal
IO
:   interorbital
LO
:   lateral orbital
SD
:   standard deviation" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="N. Jullabussapa" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="K. Khwanngern" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C. Pateekhum" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C. Angkurawaranon" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S. Angkurawaranon" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2020-10-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Pediatrics" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="CT-Based Measurements of Facial Parameters of Healthy Children and Adolescents in Thailand" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Facial parameters are used for evaluating normal growth patterns, diagnosing patients with craniofacial abnormalities, and planning surgical procedures. However, these parameters vary by ethnicity and race. This study aims to describe soft-tissue and bony facial parameters based on CT of healthy pediatric and adolescent patients in Thailand.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;CT imaging of the brain, orbit, facial bones, and neck was performed at Maharaj Nakorn Chiangmai Hospital, in patients from birth to 19 years old. Patients with known syndromic disease, craniofacial syndrome, facial trauma and/or infection, and previous surgery that deformed the study area were excluded. The key points of measurement were soft-tissue intercanthal, bony interorbital, and bony lateral orbital distances.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There were 932 patients: 554 males (59.4%) and 378 females (40.6%). Facial parameters rapidly increased in the first 2 years of life. Significant differences in these parameters between the males and females were found at the age of ≥15 years. However, ratios of the interorbital to the lateral orbital distance were generally consistent among age groups in both sexes, at 0.25.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This study, in Thailand, provides detailed age- and sex-specific normative data of the craniofacial measurements in children and adolescences based on CT imaging. These data can be used for evaluating individual patients with craniofacial abnormalities as well as determining the treatment in Thai and Asian populations, in whom craniofacial abnormalities, for example, frontoethmoidal encephalomeningocele, are common.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="N. Jullabussapa" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="CT-Based Measurements of Facial Parameters of Healthy Children and Adolescents in Thailand" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Facial parameters are used for evaluating normal growth patterns, diagnosing patients with craniofacial abnormalities, and planning surgical procedures. However, these parameters vary by ethnicity and race. This study aims to describe soft-tissue and bony facial parameters based on CT of healthy pediatric and adolescent patients in Thailand.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT imaging of the brain, orbit, facial bones, and neck was performed at Maharaj Nakorn Chiangmai Hospital, in patients from birth to 19 years old. Patients with known syndromic disease, craniofacial syndrome, facial trauma and/or infection, and previous surgery that deformed the study area were excluded. The key points of measurement were soft-tissue intercanthal, bony interorbital, and bony lateral orbital distances.

RESULTS: There were 932 patients: 554 males (59.4%) and 378 females (40.6%). Facial parameters rapidly increased in the first 2 years of life. Significant differences in these parameters between the males and females were found at the age of ≥15 years. However, ratios of the interorbital to the lateral orbital distance were generally consistent among age groups in both sexes, at 0.25.

CONCLUSIONS: This study, in Thailand, provides detailed age- and sex-specific normative data of the craniofacial measurements in children and adolescences based on CT imaging. These data can be used for evaluating individual patients with craniofacial abnormalities as well as determining the treatment in Thai and Asian populations, in whom craniofacial abnormalities, for example, frontoethmoidal encephalomeningocele, are common.

IC
:   intercanthal
IO
:   interorbital
LO
:   lateral orbital
SD
:   standard deviation" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="CT-Based Measurements of Facial Parameters of Healthy Children and Adolescents in Thailand" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/41/10/1937" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Facial parameters are used for evaluating normal growth patterns, diagnosing patients with craniofacial abnormalities, and planning surgical procedures. However, these parameters vary by ethnicity and race. This study aims to describe soft-tissue and bony facial parameters based on CT of healthy pediatric and adolescent patients in Thailand.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT imaging of the brain, orbit, facial bones, and neck was performed at Maharaj Nakorn Chiangmai Hospital, in patients from birth to 19 years old. Patients with known syndromic disease, craniofacial syndrome, facial trauma and/or infection, and previous surgery that deformed the study area were excluded. The key points of measurement were soft-tissue intercanthal, bony interorbital, and bony lateral orbital distances.

RESULTS: There were 932 patients: 554 males (59.4%) and 378 females (40.6%). Facial parameters rapidly increased in the first 2 years of life. Significant differences in these parameters between the males and females were found at the age of ≥15 years. However, ratios of the interorbital to the lateral orbital distance were generally consistent among age groups in both sexes, at 0.25.

CONCLUSIONS: This study, in Thailand, provides detailed age- and sex-specific normative data of the craniofacial measurements in children and adolescences based on CT imaging. These data can be used for evaluating individual patients with craniofacial abnormalities as well as determining the treatment in Thai and Asian populations, in whom craniofacial abnormalities, for example, frontoethmoidal encephalomeningocele, are common.

IC
:   intercanthal
IO
:   interorbital
LO
:   lateral orbital
SD
:   standard deviation" />
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      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Pediatrics</span></span></div>
  
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">CT-Based Measurements of Facial Parameters of Healthy Children and Adolescents in Thailand</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">N. Jullabussapa</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">K. Khwanngern</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">C. Pateekhum</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">C. Angkurawaranon</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">S. Angkurawaranon</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">October 2020,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">41 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(10) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1937-1942; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6731 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-78787--61223053851" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">N. Jullabussapa </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology (N.J., S.A.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=N.%2BJullabussapa%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Jullabussapa%20N&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AN.%2BJullabussapa%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0755-1246" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for N. Jullabussapa</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">K. Khwanngern </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Division of Plastic Surgery (K.K.), Department of Surgery</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=K.%2BKhwanngern%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Khwanngern%20K&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AK.%2BKhwanngern%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9918-5794" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for K. Khwanngern</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">C. Pateekhum </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Family Medicine (C.P., C.A.), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Sriphum, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=C.%2BPateekhum%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Pateekhum%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AC.%2BPateekhum%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1293-8691" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for C. Pateekhum</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">C. Angkurawaranon </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Department of Family Medicine (C.P., C.A.), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Sriphum, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=C.%2BAngkurawaranon%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Angkurawaranon%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AC.%2BAngkurawaranon%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4206-9164" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for C. Angkurawaranon</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Angkurawaranon </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Radiology (N.J., S.A.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BAngkurawaranon%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Angkurawaranon%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BAngkurawaranon%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6211-5717" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S. 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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" data-highwire-cite-ref-tooltip-instance="highwire_reflinks_tooltip" class="content-block-markup" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div class="article abstract-view "><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-start"></span><div class="section abstract" id="abstract-1"><h2>Abstract</h2><div id="sec-1" class="subsection"><p id="p-2"><strong>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:</strong> Facial parameters are used for evaluating normal growth patterns, diagnosing patients with craniofacial abnormalities, and planning surgical procedures. However, these parameters vary by ethnicity and race. This study aims to describe soft-tissue and bony facial parameters based on CT of healthy pediatric and adolescent patients in Thailand.</p></div><div id="sec-2" class="subsection"><p id="p-3"><strong>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</strong> CT imaging of the brain, orbit, facial bones, and neck was performed at Maharaj Nakorn Chiangmai Hospital, in patients from birth to 19 years old. Patients with known syndromic disease, craniofacial syndrome, facial trauma and/or infection, and previous surgery that deformed the study area were excluded. The key points of measurement were soft-tissue intercanthal, bony interorbital, and bony lateral orbital distances.</p></div><div id="sec-3" class="subsection"><p id="p-4"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> There were 932 patients: 554 males (59.4%) and 378 females (40.6%). Facial parameters rapidly increased in the first 2 years of life. Significant differences in these parameters between the males and females were found at the age of ≥15 years. However, ratios of the interorbital to the lateral orbital distance were generally consistent among age groups in both sexes, at 0.25.</p></div><div id="sec-4" class="subsection"><p id="p-5"><strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> This study, in Thailand, provides detailed age- and sex-specific normative data of the craniofacial measurements in children and adolescences based on CT imaging. These data can be used for evaluating individual patients with craniofacial abnormalities as well as determining the treatment in Thai and Asian populations, in whom craniofacial abnormalities, for example, frontoethmoidal encephalomeningocele, are common.</p></div></div><div class="section glossary" id="glossary-1"><h2 class="">ABBREVIATIONS:</h2><dl id="def-list-1"><dt id="def-item-1">IC<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>intercanthal<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-2">IO<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>interorbital<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-3">LO<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>lateral orbital<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-4">SD<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>standard deviation</dd></dl></div><ul class="copyright-statement"><li class="fn" id="copyright-statement-1">© 2020 by American Journal of Neuroradiology</li></ul><div class="license" id="license-1"><p id="p-1">Indicates open access to non-subscribers at <a href="http://www.ajnr.org" rel="license">www.ajnr.org</a></p></div><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"></span></div><span class="related-urls"></span></div><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/41/10/1937.full" class="hw-link hw-link-article-full-text" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">View Full Text</a></div>  </div>

  
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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 41</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 10 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Oct 2020 </div></div>
      
      
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">N.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Jullabussapa</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">K.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Khwanngern</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Pateekhum</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Angkurawaranon</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Angkurawaranon</span></span></span></div>
  
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