Effect on Partial Pressure of Oxygen in Arterial Blood in Percutaneous Vertebroplasty

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to estimate the change in partial pressure of oxygen (Pao₂) during percutaneous vertebroplasty and also to examine the factors related to the change in Pao₂.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed preprocedural and postprocedural Pao₂ of 59 consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous vertebroplasty between November 2003 and April 2005 (11 men and 48 women; age range, 50–93; mean age, 75 years). Fifty-four patients were treated for osteoporosis-related fractures and 5 had malignant disease. Percutaneous vertebroplasty was performed in a conventional manner under local anesthetics and conscious sedation. Preprocedural and postprocedural blood drawing was performed 5 days to 30 minutes before percutaneous vertebroplasty and also at 30 minutes after the injection of bone cement. The difference between preprocedural and postprocedural data of Pao₂ was correlated with patients’ age, number of treated vertebral bodies, presence of cement leakage, and presence of malignant neoplasm for each patient.

RESULTS: Mean pre-Pao₂ and post-Pao₂ were 80.9 ± 1.4 and 70.6 ± 1.3 mm Hg (mean ± SE) respectively (P = .0001). Using analysis of variance, there was a significant difference according to the number of vertebral bodies. There was a positive trend of decrease in Pao₂ according to the number of vertebral bodies during percutaneous vertebroplasty. Using multiple linear regression and after adjusting by preprocedural Pao₂ and other variables, the number of vertebral bodies was still highly significant.

CONCLUSION: Pao₂ decreases during percutaneous vertebroplasty, and there is a correlation between the number of treated vertebral bodies and decrease in Pao₂.

Cardiopulmonary disorder is one of the most serious complications during percutaneous vertebroplasty. Transient hypotension during percutaneous vertebroplasty has been reported.¹ Kaufmann et al² reported that oxygen saturation was significantly lower at 10 minutes after injection of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) than before injection, though the mean difference was negligible. The potential risk of cardiopulmonary changes during percutaneous vertebroplasty is of interest because percutaneous vertebroplasty is now widely implemented.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the change in partial pressure of oxygen (Pao₂) during percutaneous vertebroplasty and also to examine the factors related to the change in Pao₂.

Materials and Methods

All procedures were performed according to institutional review board-approved guidelines. We extracted the relevant data from the medical records of 59 consecutive patients (11 men and 48 women) who underwent percutaneous vertebroplasty between November 2003 and April 2005. Patients’ age range was 50–93 with mean age 75 years. The number of vertebral bodies treated was similar in terms of categories (1, n = 17; 2, n = 19; ≥3, n = 23). The level of vertebral bodies was from T6 to L5. Fifty-four patients had compression fractures as a result of osteoporosis, and 5 patients had malignant neoplasm. Cement leakage was evaluated on a postprocedural multidetector CT and classified into cement leakage into adjacent disk and outside disk. Cement leakage into adjacent disk and outside disk was found in 33 of 59 and 16 of 59, respectively.

Percutaneous vertebroplasty procedure was performed in a conventional manner using a biplane angiography unit under local anesthesia and conscious sedation. The patient was placed in a prone position on an angiography table with sterile conditions. After a small skin incision was made, a disposable 11- or 13-gauge bone biopsy needle (Cook, Bloomington, Ind) was positioned with its tip near the center of the pedicle. Anteroposterior and lateral fluoroscopy was used to advance the needle through the pedicle into the vertebral body. PMMA was prepared by combining sterile barium and cranioplastic cement (Codman Cranioplastic; Johnson & Johnson Medical, Berkshire, United Kingdom). Injection of PMMA was performed either manually or with an injection device.

Pao₂ was measured by a conventional blood gas analyzer (ABL700; Radiometer Medical, Copenhagen, Denmark). Arterial blood drawing was taken from the radial or femoral artery with the patient in a supine position. We measured preprocedural Pao₂ 5 days to 30 minutes before percutaneous vertebroplasty and postprocedural Pao₂ 30 minutes after percutaneous vertebroplasty.

For statistical analysis, paired t test was used to examine the difference between preprocedural and postprocedural Pao₂. Analysis of variance followed by t test was used to examine the difference in Pao₂ according to the number of treated vertebral bodies. Nonparametric trend test was used to estimate the trend of difference in Pao₂ depending on the number of treated vertebral bodies. Multiple linear regression technique was used to examine the correlation between the difference in Pao₂ and the following factors: patients’ age, sex, number of treated vertebral bodies, presence of cement leakage, and presence of malignant diseases (adjusted by preprocedural Pao₂).

Results

Mean (± SE) preprocedural and postprocedural Pao₂ values were 80.9 ± 1.4 and 70.6 ± 1.3 mm Hg, respectively. The difference between mean preprocedural and postprocedural Pao₂ was 10.3 mm Hg and was highly significant at P < .0001 levels (Fig 1). Difference in Pao₂ between preprocedure and postprocedure, depending on the number of treated vertebral bodies, is shown in Fig 2. Using analysis of variance, there was a significant difference according to the number of vertebral bodies. We found significant difference between the patients who had 1 and ≥3 vertebral bodies during percutaneous vertebroplasty (P = .006), though there was no significance between 1 and 2 (P = .158), or 2 and ≥3 (P = .144). Using a test for trend, there was a positive trend of decrease in Pao₂ according to the number of vertebral bodies during percutaneous vertebroplasty (P = .015). We confirmed our finding of bivariate analysis by using multivariate technique (Table 1). We used multiple linear regression, and after adjusting by preprocedural Pao₂ and other variables, the number of vertebral bodies was still highly significant (P = .011) for the decrease in Pao₂. This was confirmed with a high level of confidence using the multiple regression model with independent variables: preprocedural Pao₂ and number of vertebral bodies (R² value 0.336 versus 0.296, P = .005) (Table 2).

Fig 1.

The difference between preprocedural and postprocedural Pao₂.

Fig 2.

Difference in Pao₂ before and after the procedure depending on the number of treated vertebral bodies.

View this table:

Table 1:

Results of multiple regression: model 1

View this table:

Table 2:

Results of multiple regression: model 2

Discussion

Percutaneous vertebroplasty was first described in France in 1987.³ The potential risk of cardiopulmonary changes during percutaneous vertebroplasty is of interest because percutaneous vertebroplasty is now widely used for the standard treatment of osteoporotic fractures and metastatic tumors of the vertebral bodies. We found a decrease in Pao₂ after percutaneous vertebroplasty, but the cause of the decrease remains unclear.

According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Devices and Radiologic Health, through the on-line data base (http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/maude.html) for adverse event reporting, 19 complications associated with percutaneous vertebroplasty were reported, including 7 deaths and 4 cardiovascular events. Of the 7 patients who died, 4 underwent percutaneous vertebroplasty with lateral approach and 3 with transpedicular approach.⁴ Two had undergone multilevel vertebroplasty (8 in one case and 10 in the other) and experienced cardiovascular collapse, and 1 had a presumed anaphylactic reaction to bone cement, resulting in cardiac and/or respiratory arrest and death. In addition, of 4 patients who survived, 2 experienced diminished blood pressure and 2 had cardiac arrest. Pulmonary collapse during percutaneous vertebroplasty, including pulmonary embolism and acute respiratory distress syndrome, is a major concern, and symptomatic or asymptomatic pulmonary emboli associated with percutaneous vertebroplasty were reported.^5-10 Although the overall number of such cases is small, the cardiopulmonary complications can be fatal.

There have been a few reports describing oxygen desaturation during conscious sedation.^11-13 Sedative drugs are known to decrease respiratory function, and there is a report that myocardial ischemia occurred with the use of sedative drugs.¹⁴ In most cases of percutaneous vertebroplasty, sedative drugs are prescribed preoperatively and can affect oxygenation during percutaneous vertebroplasty. Furthermore, functional residual capacity may decrease during percutaneous vertebroplasty as a result of thoracic compression attributable to the prone position, which may be an important factor of deoxygenation. Patients who received supplemental oxygen during procedure were not included in this study. However, the use of supplemental oxygen during the procedure might avoid decrease in Pao₂.

Another cause of postprocedural decrease in Pao₂ may be pulmonary embolism. The source of emboli could be fragments of fatty bone marrow, which are created by increased intramedullary pressure during injection of PMMA or may be particles of PMMA themselves.^5-7

Several reasons why the number of treated vertebral bodies affects postprocedural decrease in Pao₂ can be speculated upon. The reasons include increase in duration of percutaneous vertebroplasty procedure in prone position, increase in unpolymerized liquid monomer, cement volume, and possibly fragments of bone marrow. The consecutive augmentation of multilevel vertebral bodies with PMMA may induce a cumulative pulmonary embolism that deteriorates baseline Pao₂. Increase in number of needles, causing breath-holding due to procedural pain, could be another contributing factor. Another reason that multilevel vertebroplasty may correlate with decrease in Pao₂ is that perhaps more sedation was used. However, the pathophysiology for the Pao₂ decrease seems to be multifactorial.

The limitations of this study may be lack of sequential evaluation of Pao₂ after percutaneous vertebroplasty. Continuous intra-arterial blood gas monitoring during percutaneous vertebroplasty would be ideal. Although pulse oximetry is convenient to assess the oxygenation, blood gas analysis is more sensitive to oxygenation compared with pulse oximetry.

Our methodology has no power to suggest that PMMA injection has any effect on Pao₂ beyond the effects of prone positioning and moderate sedation, which plausibly may contribute to decreased Pao₂. Moreover, no data were collected to show that the decrease in Pao₂ was sustained more than 30 minutes beyond the procedure.

Conclusion

Pao₂ decreases during percutaneous vertebroplasty, and there is a correlation between the number of treated vertebral bodies and a decrease in Pao₂. However, the pathophysiology of the decrease in Pao₂ is not clear and may be related to sedation, the patients’ prone position, and/or pulmonary embolism. Physicians should be aware of the potential for a drop in Pao₂ with percutaneous vertebroplasty.

Footnotes

Paper previously presented at: Annual Meeting of the American Society of Neuroradiology; May 21–27, 2005; Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

References

Vasconcelos C, Gailloud P, Martin JB, et al. Transient arterial hypotension induced by polymethylmethacrylate injection during percutaneous vertebroplasty. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001;12:1001–02
Kaufmann TJ, Jensen ME, Ford G, et al. Cardiovascular effects of polymethylmethacrylate use in percutaneous vertebroplasty. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23:601–04
Galibert P, Deramond H, Rosat P, et al. Note preliminaire sur le traitement des angiomes vertebraux par vertebroplastie acrylique percutanee. Neurochirurgie 1987;233:166–68
Nussbaum DA, Gailloud P, Murphy KA. Review of complications associated with vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty as reported to the Food and Drug Administration medical device related web site. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004;15:1185–92
Aebli N, Krebs J, Davis G, et al. Fat embolism and acute hypotension during vertebroplasty: an experimental study in sheep. Spine 2002;27:460–66
Syed MI, Jan S, Patel NA, et al. Fatal fat embolism after vertebroplasty: identification of the high-risk patient. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006 :343–45
Padovani B, Kasriel O, Brunner P, et al. Pulmonary embolism caused by acrylic cement: a rare complication of percutaneous vertebroplasty. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:375–77
Stricker K, Orler R, Yen K, et al. Severe hypercapnia due to pulmonary embolism of polymethylmethacrylate during vertebroplasty. Anesth Analg 2004;98:1184–86
Jang JS, Lee SH, Jung SK. Pulmonary embolism of polymethylmethacrylate after percutaneous vertebroplasty: a report of three cases. Spine 2002;27:E416–18
Yoo KY, Jeong SW, Yoon W, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with pulmonary cement embolism following percutaneous vertebroplasty with polymethylmethacrylate. Spine 2004;29:E294–97
Holm C, Christensen M, Schulze S, et al. Effect of oxygen on tachycardia and arterial oxygen saturation during colonoscopy. Eur J Surg 1999;165:755–58
Yano H, Iishi H, Tatsuta M, et al. Oxygen desaturation during sedation for colonoscopy in elderly patients. Hepatogastroenterology 1998;45:2138–41
O’Connor KW, Jones S. Oxygen desaturation is common and clinically underappreciated during elective endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc 1990;36:S2–S4
Holm C, Christensen M, Rasmussen V, et al. Hypoxaemia and myocardial ischaemia during colonoscopy. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998;33:769–72

Received February 18, 2006.
Accepted after revision May 23, 2006.

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American Journal of Neuroradiology

Effect on Partial Pressure of Oxygen in Arterial Blood in Percutaneous Vertebroplasty

Abstract

Materials and Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Footnotes

References

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