1naresh2naresh
Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => FreeToRead
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [d50560d9-117d-491b-a826-0bc092657803] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => d50560d9-117d-491b-a826-0bc092657803
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => FreeToRead
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [6436711a-d088-40df-9f02-844d605de8c0] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => 6436711a-d088-40df-9f02-844d605de8c0
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;ab387345dfc4cfaad2f9b9aa2bfb121011d7e7c9
                )

        )

)
1naresh2naresh
Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [8cfe2ce0-b6b6-4f0b-8abe-eef01b773264] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => 8cfe2ce0-b6b6-4f0b-8abe-eef01b773264
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [30c2994f-25d1-4420-b9c3-9343cc6ede9e] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => 30c2994f-25d1-4420-b9c3-9343cc6ede9e
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;ab387345dfc4cfaad2f9b9aa2bfb121011d7e7c9
                )

        )

)
1naresh2naresh
Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [8cfe2ce0-b6b6-4f0b-8abe-eef01b773264] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => 8cfe2ce0-b6b6-4f0b-8abe-eef01b773264
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [30c2994f-25d1-4420-b9c3-9343cc6ede9e] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => 30c2994f-25d1-4420-b9c3-9343cc6ede9e
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;ab387345dfc4cfaad2f9b9aa2bfb121011d7e7c9
                )

        )

)
1naresh2naresh
Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [8cfe2ce0-b6b6-4f0b-8abe-eef01b773264] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => 8cfe2ce0-b6b6-4f0b-8abe-eef01b773264
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [30c2994f-25d1-4420-b9c3-9343cc6ede9e] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => 30c2994f-25d1-4420-b9c3-9343cc6ede9e
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;ab387345dfc4cfaad2f9b9aa2bfb121011d7e7c9
                )

        )

)
1naresh2naresh
Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [8cfe2ce0-b6b6-4f0b-8abe-eef01b773264] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => 8cfe2ce0-b6b6-4f0b-8abe-eef01b773264
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [30c2994f-25d1-4420-b9c3-9343cc6ede9e] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => 30c2994f-25d1-4420-b9c3-9343cc6ede9e
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;ab387345dfc4cfaad2f9b9aa2bfb121011d7e7c9
                )

        )

)
1naresh2naresh
Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [8cfe2ce0-b6b6-4f0b-8abe-eef01b773264] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => 8cfe2ce0-b6b6-4f0b-8abe-eef01b773264
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => Controlled
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [30c2994f-25d1-4420-b9c3-9343cc6ede9e] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => 30c2994f-25d1-4420-b9c3-9343cc6ede9e
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;ab387345dfc4cfaad2f9b9aa2bfb121011d7e7c9
                )

        )

)
1naresh2naresh
Array
(
    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:identity
            [type] => guest
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => FreeToRead
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => urn:ac.highwire.org:guest:privilege
                            [type] => privilege-set
                            [privilege-set] => GUEST
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => guest
                )

        )

    [1ec0a15a-0bce-4e21-b3a6-f07a518ad1e4] => Array
        (
            [runtime-id] => 1ec0a15a-0bce-4e21-b3a6-f07a518ad1e4
            [type] => toll-free-key
            [service-id] => ajnr-ac.highwire.org
            [access-type] => FreeToRead
            [privilege] => Array
                (
                    [b8be8305-851c-4c07-8c48-cf1895a6c65e] => Array
                        (
                            [runtime-id] => b8be8305-851c-4c07-8c48-cf1895a6c65e
                            [type] => toll-free-key
                        )

                )

            [credentials] => Array
                (
                    [method] => toll-free-key
                    [value] => tf_ipsecsha;ab387345dfc4cfaad2f9b9aa2bfb121011d7e7c9
                )

        )

)


  
    











    Reply: | American Journal of Neuroradiology  
    


















    


























    
  
  




    
    

  

      


    

      

  
  
  

    

  

    

  

                
    

      

  

    

  
      
  
  

    


Advertisement



  



  


  
  



  



    

  


  


  


  
  
  
  
  
  

  	      



          


    
      

    
  
    
        
    

  

    
                        

  

                
    

      

  

    

  
      
  
  

    

  
  
      
LetterLetter

  
      

  
      

      Reply:
    
  
    	
M. Tosaka

  
    	
American Journal of Neuroradiology March 2009,  30 (3) e42; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A1422 

  
  
  



  


  
  



  
      
  
  

    
I would like to thank Dr. Diana Quiñones for her supportive comments on our article published in the June 2008 issue of the American Journal of Neuroradiology.1 Diffuse pachymeningeal (dural) hyperintensity on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MR imaging (DPMHF) may reflect almost the same dural change as diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement (DPME), but the technique of MR imaging is different. As Dr. Quiñones proposes, if the sign of DPMHF on nonenhanced brain MR imaging, accompanied by other signs of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH; subdural effusions, venous sinus engorgement, brain sagging, etc.), is sufficient to diagnose SIH, the demonstration of DPME by administration of contrast material might not be required.2 The Table compares the characteristics of DPMHF and DPME. DPMHF has several advantages, such as noninvasiveness and cost, but it is less easily noticed than DPME during the interpretation of MR images. Any observer, including residents and nonspecialists, can detect DPME extremely easily by comparison with the MR imaging before injection of contrast medium. In this case, the detailed MR anatomy of the skull and pachymeninges might be not so important. All other MR signs of SIH, including DPMHF, do not have this ease of detection by image comparison.
SIH can be easily and objectively identified on the basis of DPME, and the number of reports in this field has increased rapidly.3 This is a result of the ease of detection. Physicians in several fields (neuroradiology, neurology, neurosurgery, anesthesiology, emergency medicine, headache) have distinguished the presence of DPME, and the various symptoms and signs have been proven to be the result of SIH. In contrast, the presence of DPMHF remained unnoticed for a long time.
Diffuse, linear, uninterrupted, and non-nodular pachymeningeal enhancement is characteristic of patients with SIH. The wave-like appearance may be a characteristic finding in patients with SIH in the frontal and temporal base regions.4 DPMHF occurs adjacent to the hyperintense appearance of subdural effusion or hematomas in most patients with SIH, so the linear DPMHF can be observed in locations not adjoining the subdural effusion or hematomas. Of course, the observer should be thoroughly knowledgeable about the MR anatomy of the skull and pachymeninges. Therefore, the identification of DPMHF may be relatively more difficult than the identification of DPME. However, FLAIR is the most sensitive sequence for the detection of characteristic thin subdural effusion or hematomas in patients with SIH.1 A skilled observer may be able to identify diffuse pachymeningeal hyperintensity and thin subdural effusion or hematomas with routine FLAIR MR imaging, thus allowing omission of injection of contrast medium. The diagnosis is then easy to confirm by further MR imaging with contrast medium if necessary.

      
    
View this table:

            Comparison of pachymeningeal enhancement and pachymeningeal hyperintensity on FLAIR imaging
          
References
  1. Tosaka M, Sato N, Fujimaki H, et al. Diffuse pachymeningeal hyperintensity and subdural effusion/hematoma detected by fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29:1164–70
  2. Quiñones Tapia D, Pardo J, Serrano JM, et al. Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: use of unenhanced MRI. Neuroradiology 2000;42:529–31
  3. Mokri B, Kruger BR, Miller GM, et al. Meningeal gadolinium enhancement in low pressure headaches [abstract]. Ann Neurol 1991;30:294–95
  4. Tosaka M, Sato N, Fujimaki H, et al. Wave-like appearance of diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement associated with intracranial hypotension. Neuroradiology 2005;47:362–67
  


  
  



  



    

  



  

                
    

      

  

    

  
      
  
  

    


Advertisement