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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Comparing 3T and 1.5T MRI for Mapping Hippocampal Atrophy in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A4228" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2015-01-22" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2015 American Society of Neuroradiology. Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="open-access" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Prior MR imaging studies, primarily at 1.5T, established hippocampal atrophy as a biomarker for Alzheimer disease. 3T MR imaging offers a higher contrast and signal-to-noise ratio, yet distortions and intensity uniformity are harder to control. We applied our automated hippocampal segmentation technique to 1.5T and 3T MR imaging data, to determine whether hippocampal atrophy detection was enhanced at 3T.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed baseline MR imaging data from 166 subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative-1 (37 with Alzheimer disease, 76 with mild cognitive impairment, and 53 healthy controls) scanned at 1.5T and 3T. Using multiple linear regression, we analyzed the effect of clinical diagnosis on hippocampal radial distance, while adjusting for sex. 3D statistical maps were adjusted for multiple comparisons by using permutation-based statistics at a threshold of P &lt; .01.

RESULTS: Bilaterally significant radial distance differences in the areas corresponding to the cornu ammonis 1, cornu ammonis 2, and subiculum were detected for Alzheimer disease versus healthy controls and mild cognitive impairment versus healthy controls at 1.5T and more profoundly at 3T. Comparison of Alzheimer disease with mild cognitive impairment did not reveal significant differences at either field strength. Subjects who converted from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease within 3 years of the baseline scan versus nonconverters showed significant differences in the area corresponding to cornu ammonis 1 of the right hippocampus at 3T but not at 1.5T.

CONCLUSIONS: While hippocampal atrophy patterns in diagnostic comparisons were similar at 1.5T and 3T, 3T showed a superior signal-to-noise ratio and detected atrophy with greater effect size compared with 1.5T.

### Abbreviations

AD
:   Alzheimer disease
ADNI
:   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
CA
:   cornu ammonis
CDR
:   Clinical Dementia Rating
MCI
:   mild cognitive impairment
MMSE
:   Mini-Mental State Examination
NC
:   healthy control" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="N. Chow" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="K.S. Hwang" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S. Hurtz" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A.E. Green" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J.H. Somme" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="P.M. Thompson" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D.A. Elashoff" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C.R. Jack" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Weiner" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="L.G. Apostolova" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2015-01-22" />
<meta name="article:section" content="BRAIN" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Comparing 3T and 1.5T MRI for Mapping Hippocampal Atrophy in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Prior MR imaging studies, primarily at 1.5T, established hippocampal atrophy as a biomarker for Alzheimer disease. 3T MR imaging offers a higher contrast and signal-to-noise ratio, yet distortions and intensity uniformity are harder to control. We applied our automated hippocampal segmentation technique to 1.5T and 3T MR imaging data, to determine whether hippocampal atrophy detection was enhanced at 3T.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We analyzed baseline MR imaging data from 166 subjects from the Alzheimer9s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative-1 (37 with Alzheimer disease, 76 with mild cognitive impairment, and 53 healthy controls) scanned at 1.5T and 3T. Using multiple linear regression, we analyzed the effect of clinical diagnosis on hippocampal radial distance, while adjusting for sex. 3D statistical maps were adjusted for multiple comparisons by using permutation-based statistics at a threshold of &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .01.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Bilaterally significant radial distance differences in the areas corresponding to the cornu ammonis 1, cornu ammonis 2, and subiculum were detected for Alzheimer disease versus healthy controls and mild cognitive impairment versus healthy controls at 1.5T and more profoundly at 3T. Comparison of Alzheimer disease with mild cognitive impairment did not reveal significant differences at either field strength. Subjects who converted from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease within 3 years of the baseline scan versus nonconverters showed significant differences in the area corresponding to cornu ammonis 1 of the right hippocampus at 3T but not at 1.5T.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;While hippocampal atrophy patterns in diagnostic comparisons were similar at 1.5T and 3T, 3T showed a superior signal-to-noise ratio and detected atrophy with greater effect size compared with 1.5T.&lt;/p&gt;" />
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="N. Chow" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the School of Medicine (N.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester Hills, Michigan; Departments of Neurology (K.S.H., S.H., L.G.A.) and Biostatistics (D.A.E.), University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology (A.E.G.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.S.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Imaging Genetics Center (P.M.T.), Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck/University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, and Ophthalmology (P.M.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.), University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="K.S. Hwang" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the School of Medicine (N.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester Hills, Michigan; Departments of Neurology (K.S.H., S.H., L.G.A.) and Biostatistics (D.A.E.), University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology (A.E.G.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.S.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Imaging Genetics Center (P.M.T.), Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck/University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, and Ophthalmology (P.M.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.), University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="S. Hurtz" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the School of Medicine (N.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester Hills, Michigan; Departments of Neurology (K.S.H., S.H., L.G.A.) and Biostatistics (D.A.E.), University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology (A.E.G.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.S.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Imaging Genetics Center (P.M.T.), Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck/University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, and Ophthalmology (P.M.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.), University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="A.E. Green" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the School of Medicine (N.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester Hills, Michigan; Departments of Neurology (K.S.H., S.H., L.G.A.) and Biostatistics (D.A.E.), University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology (A.E.G.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.S.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Imaging Genetics Center (P.M.T.), Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck/University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, and Ophthalmology (P.M.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.), University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="J.H. Somme" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the School of Medicine (N.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester Hills, Michigan; Departments of Neurology (K.S.H., S.H., L.G.A.) and Biostatistics (D.A.E.), University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology (A.E.G.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.S.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Imaging Genetics Center (P.M.T.), Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck/University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, and Ophthalmology (P.M.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.), University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="P.M. Thompson" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the School of Medicine (N.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester Hills, Michigan; Departments of Neurology (K.S.H., S.H., L.G.A.) and Biostatistics (D.A.E.), University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology (A.E.G.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.S.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Imaging Genetics Center (P.M.T.), Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck/University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, and Ophthalmology (P.M.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.), University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="D.A. Elashoff" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the School of Medicine (N.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester Hills, Michigan; Departments of Neurology (K.S.H., S.H., L.G.A.) and Biostatistics (D.A.E.), University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology (A.E.G.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.S.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Imaging Genetics Center (P.M.T.), Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck/University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, and Ophthalmology (P.M.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.), University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="C.R. Jack" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the School of Medicine (N.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester Hills, Michigan; Departments of Neurology (K.S.H., S.H., L.G.A.) and Biostatistics (D.A.E.), University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology (A.E.G.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.S.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Imaging Genetics Center (P.M.T.), Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck/University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, and Ophthalmology (P.M.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.), University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="M. Weiner" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the School of Medicine (N.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester Hills, Michigan; Departments of Neurology (K.S.H., S.H., L.G.A.) and Biostatistics (D.A.E.), University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology (A.E.G.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.S.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Imaging Genetics Center (P.M.T.), Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck/University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, and Ophthalmology (P.M.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.), University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California." />
<meta name="citation_author" content="L.G. Apostolova" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="From the School of Medicine (N.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester Hills, Michigan; Departments of Neurology (K.S.H., S.H., L.G.A.) and Biostatistics (D.A.E.), University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology (A.E.G.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.S.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Imaging Genetics Center (P.M.T.), Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck/University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, and Ophthalmology (P.M.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.), University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California." />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Comparing 3T and 1.5T MRI for Mapping Hippocampal Atrophy in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Prior MR imaging studies, primarily at 1.5T, established hippocampal atrophy as a biomarker for Alzheimer disease. 3T MR imaging offers a higher contrast and signal-to-noise ratio, yet distortions and intensity uniformity are harder to control. We applied our automated hippocampal segmentation technique to 1.5T and 3T MR imaging data, to determine whether hippocampal atrophy detection was enhanced at 3T.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed baseline MR imaging data from 166 subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative-1 (37 with Alzheimer disease, 76 with mild cognitive impairment, and 53 healthy controls) scanned at 1.5T and 3T. Using multiple linear regression, we analyzed the effect of clinical diagnosis on hippocampal radial distance, while adjusting for sex. 3D statistical maps were adjusted for multiple comparisons by using permutation-based statistics at a threshold of P &lt; .01.

RESULTS: Bilaterally significant radial distance differences in the areas corresponding to the cornu ammonis 1, cornu ammonis 2, and subiculum were detected for Alzheimer disease versus healthy controls and mild cognitive impairment versus healthy controls at 1.5T and more profoundly at 3T. Comparison of Alzheimer disease with mild cognitive impairment did not reveal significant differences at either field strength. Subjects who converted from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease within 3 years of the baseline scan versus nonconverters showed significant differences in the area corresponding to cornu ammonis 1 of the right hippocampus at 3T but not at 1.5T.

CONCLUSIONS: While hippocampal atrophy patterns in diagnostic comparisons were similar at 1.5T and 3T, 3T showed a superior signal-to-noise ratio and detected atrophy with greater effect size compared with 1.5T.

### Abbreviations

AD
:   Alzheimer disease
ADNI
:   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
CA
:   cornu ammonis
CDR
:   Clinical Dementia Rating
MCI
:   mild cognitive impairment
MMSE
:   Mini-Mental State Examination
NC
:   healthy control" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Comparing 3T and 1.5T MRI for Mapping Hippocampal Atrophy in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/early/2015/01/22/ajnr.A4228" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Prior MR imaging studies, primarily at 1.5T, established hippocampal atrophy as a biomarker for Alzheimer disease. 3T MR imaging offers a higher contrast and signal-to-noise ratio, yet distortions and intensity uniformity are harder to control. We applied our automated hippocampal segmentation technique to 1.5T and 3T MR imaging data, to determine whether hippocampal atrophy detection was enhanced at 3T.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed baseline MR imaging data from 166 subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative-1 (37 with Alzheimer disease, 76 with mild cognitive impairment, and 53 healthy controls) scanned at 1.5T and 3T. Using multiple linear regression, we analyzed the effect of clinical diagnosis on hippocampal radial distance, while adjusting for sex. 3D statistical maps were adjusted for multiple comparisons by using permutation-based statistics at a threshold of P &lt; .01.

RESULTS: Bilaterally significant radial distance differences in the areas corresponding to the cornu ammonis 1, cornu ammonis 2, and subiculum were detected for Alzheimer disease versus healthy controls and mild cognitive impairment versus healthy controls at 1.5T and more profoundly at 3T. Comparison of Alzheimer disease with mild cognitive impairment did not reveal significant differences at either field strength. Subjects who converted from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease within 3 years of the baseline scan versus nonconverters showed significant differences in the area corresponding to cornu ammonis 1 of the right hippocampus at 3T but not at 1.5T.

CONCLUSIONS: While hippocampal atrophy patterns in diagnostic comparisons were similar at 1.5T and 3T, 3T showed a superior signal-to-noise ratio and detected atrophy with greater effect size compared with 1.5T.

### Abbreviations

AD
:   Alzheimer disease
ADNI
:   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
CA
:   cornu ammonis
CDR
:   Clinical Dementia Rating
MCI
:   mild cognitive impairment
MMSE
:   Mini-Mental State Examination
NC
:   healthy control" />
<meta name="og-type" property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta name="og-image" property="og:image" content="" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node50940--5" data-node-nid="50940" id="top-node-50940--6799490232" data-pisa="ajnr;ajnr.A4228v1" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A4228" data-apath="/ajnr/early/2015/01/22/ajnr.A4228.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">BRAIN</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><i class="highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access open-access hw-icon-open-access" title="Open Access" aria-hidden="true"></i><span  class="element-invisible highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access" style="">Open Access</span></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Comparing 3T and 1.5T MRI for Mapping Hippocampal Atrophy in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">N. Chow</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">K.S. Hwang</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">S. Hurtz</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">A.E. Green</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">J.H. Somme</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">P.M. Thompson</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">D.A. Elashoff</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">C.R. Jack</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">M. Weiner</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">L.G. Apostolova</span> <span  class="highwire-citation-author last"><span class="nlm-on-behalf-of">for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">January 2015,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A4228 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-50940--6799490232" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">N. Chow </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the School of Medicine (N.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester Hills, Michigan; Departments of Neurology (K.S.H., S.H., L.G.A.) and Biostatistics (D.A.E.), University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology (A.E.G.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.S.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Imaging Genetics Center (P.M.T.), Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck/University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, and Ophthalmology (P.M.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.), University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=N.%2BChow%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Chow%20N&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AN.%2BChow%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">K.S. Hwang </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the School of Medicine (N.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester Hills, Michigan; Departments of Neurology (K.S.H., S.H., L.G.A.) and Biostatistics (D.A.E.), University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology (A.E.G.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.S.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Imaging Genetics Center (P.M.T.), Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck/University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, and Ophthalmology (P.M.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.), University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=K.S.%2BHwang%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Hwang%20K&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AK.S.%2BHwang%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Hurtz </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the School of Medicine (N.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester Hills, Michigan; Departments of Neurology (K.S.H., S.H., L.G.A.) and Biostatistics (D.A.E.), University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology (A.E.G.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.S.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Imaging Genetics Center (P.M.T.), Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck/University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, and Ophthalmology (P.M.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.), University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BHurtz%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Hurtz%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BHurtz%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A.E. Green </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the School of Medicine (N.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester Hills, Michigan; Departments of Neurology (K.S.H., S.H., L.G.A.) and Biostatistics (D.A.E.), University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology (A.E.G.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.S.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Imaging Genetics Center (P.M.T.), Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck/University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, and Ophthalmology (P.M.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.), University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.E.%2BGreen%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Green%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.E.%2BGreen%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J.H. Somme </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the School of Medicine (N.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester Hills, Michigan; Departments of Neurology (K.S.H., S.H., L.G.A.) and Biostatistics (D.A.E.), University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology (A.E.G.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.S.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Imaging Genetics Center (P.M.T.), Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck/University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, and Ophthalmology (P.M.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.), University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.H.%2BSomme%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Somme%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.H.%2BSomme%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">P.M. Thompson </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the School of Medicine (N.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester Hills, Michigan; Departments of Neurology (K.S.H., S.H., L.G.A.) and Biostatistics (D.A.E.), University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology (A.E.G.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.S.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Imaging Genetics Center (P.M.T.), Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck/University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, and Ophthalmology (P.M.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.), University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=P.M.%2BThompson%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Thompson%20P&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AP.M.%2BThompson%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">D.A. Elashoff </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the School of Medicine (N.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester Hills, Michigan; Departments of Neurology (K.S.H., S.H., L.G.A.) and Biostatistics (D.A.E.), University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology (A.E.G.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.S.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Imaging Genetics Center (P.M.T.), Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck/University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, and Ophthalmology (P.M.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.), University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=D.A.%2BElashoff%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Elashoff%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AD.A.%2BElashoff%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">C.R. Jack </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the School of Medicine (N.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester Hills, Michigan; Departments of Neurology (K.S.H., S.H., L.G.A.) and Biostatistics (D.A.E.), University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology (A.E.G.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.S.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Imaging Genetics Center (P.M.T.), Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck/University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, and Ophthalmology (P.M.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.), University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=C.R.%2BJack%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Jack%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AC.R.%2BJack%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M. Weiner </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the School of Medicine (N.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester Hills, Michigan; Departments of Neurology (K.S.H., S.H., L.G.A.) and Biostatistics (D.A.E.), University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology (A.E.G.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.S.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Imaging Genetics Center (P.M.T.), Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck/University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, and Ophthalmology (P.M.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.), University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BWeiner%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Weiner%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BWeiner%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-9"><div class="author-tooltip-name">L.G. Apostolova </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>From the School of Medicine (N.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine (K.S.H.), Rochester Hills, Michigan; Departments of Neurology (K.S.H., S.H., L.G.A.) and Biostatistics (D.A.E.), University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology (A.E.G.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.S.), Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain; Imaging Genetics Center (P.M.T.), Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck/University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, and Ophthalmology (P.M.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Radiology (C.R.J.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (M.W.), University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=L.G.%2BApostolova%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Apostolova%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AL.G.%2BApostolova%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div></div></div>  </div>

  
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<p id="p-2"><strong>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:</strong> Prior MR imaging studies, primarily at 1.5T, established hippocampal atrophy as a biomarker for Alzheimer disease. 3T MR imaging offers a higher contrast and signal-to-noise ratio, yet distortions and intensity uniformity are harder to control. We applied our automated hippocampal segmentation technique to 1.5T and 3T MR imaging data, to determine whether hippocampal atrophy detection was enhanced at 3T.</p></div>
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<p id="p-3"><strong>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</strong> We analyzed baseline MR imaging data from 166 subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative-1 (37 with Alzheimer disease, 76 with mild cognitive impairment, and 53 healthy controls) scanned at 1.5T and 3T. Using multiple linear regression, we analyzed the effect of clinical diagnosis on hippocampal radial distance, while adjusting for sex. 3D statistical maps were adjusted for multiple comparisons by using permutation-based statistics at a threshold of <em>P</em> &lt; .01.</p></div>
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<p id="p-4"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Bilaterally significant radial distance differences in the areas corresponding to the cornu ammonis 1, cornu ammonis 2, and subiculum were detected for Alzheimer disease versus healthy controls and mild cognitive impairment versus healthy controls at 1.5T and more profoundly at 3T. Comparison of Alzheimer disease with mild cognitive impairment did not reveal significant differences at either field strength. Subjects who converted from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease within 3 years of the baseline scan versus nonconverters showed significant differences in the area corresponding to cornu ammonis 1 of the right hippocampus at 3T but not at 1.5T.</p></div>
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<p id="p-5"><strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> While hippocampal atrophy patterns in diagnostic comparisons were similar at 1.5T and 3T, 3T showed a superior signal-to-noise ratio and detected atrophy with greater effect size compared with 1.5T.</p>
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<h3 class="">Abbreviations</h3>
<dl id="def-list-1"><dt id="def-item-1">AD<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>Alzheimer disease<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-2">ADNI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-3">CA<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>cornu ammonis<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-4">CDR<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>Clinical Dementia Rating<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-5">MCI<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>mild cognitive impairment<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-6">MMSE<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>Mini-Mental State Examination<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-7">NC<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>healthy control</dd></dl>
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">N.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Chow</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">K.S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hwang</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Hurtz</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Green</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.H.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Somme</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">P.M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Thompson</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Elashoff</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.R.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Jack</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Weiner</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.G.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Apostolova</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jan 2015, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A4228 </span></div>
  
  
  
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