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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Incorporation of edited MRS into clinical practice may improve care of patients with IDH-mutant glioma" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A8413" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2024-07-12" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2024 by American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Isocitrate dehydrogenase ( IDH ) mutation and 1p/19q codeletion classify adult-type diffuse gliomas into three tumor subtypes with distinct prognosis. We aimed to evaluate the performance of edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for glioma subtyping in a clinical setting, via the quantification of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) and cystathionine. The delay between this noninvasive classification and the integrated histomolecular analysis was also quantified.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects with presumed low-grade glioma, eligible for surgery ( cohort 1 ), and subjects with IDH-mutant glioma, previously treated and with progressive disease ( cohort 2 ) were prospectively examined with a singlevoxel Mescher–Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy sequence at 3 T. Spectra were quantified using LCModel. The Cramér-Rao lower bounds (CRLB) threshold was set to 20%. Integrated histomolecular analysis according to the 2021 WHO classification was considered as a ground truth.

RESULTS: Thirty-four consecutive subjects were enrolled. Due to poor spectra quality and lack of histological specimen, data from 26 subjects was analyzed. Twenty-one belonged to cohort 1 [11 females; median age: 42 years] and 5 to cohort 2 [3 females; median age: 48 years]. Edited MRS showed 100% specificity for detection of IDH mutation and 91% specificity for prediction of 1p/19q codeletion status. Sensitivities for prediction of IDH and 1p/19q codeletion were 62% and 33%, respectively. The median CRLB values were 14% (13 – 32) for IDH -mutant and 572% (554 – 999) for IDH -wild-type tumors. The time between MRS and surgery was longer for low-grade than high-grade gliomas (p = .03), yet the time between MRS and WHO diagnosis did not differ between grades (p = .07), possibly reflecting molecular analyses induced delays in high-grade gliomas.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results, acquired in a clinic setting, confirmed that edited MRS is highly specific for both IDH mutation and 1p/19q codeletion predictions and can provide a faster prognosis stratification. In the upcoming IDH-inhibitor treatment era, incorporation of edited MRS into clinical workflow is desirable.

ABBREVIATIONS: 2HG = D-2-hydroxyglutarate; Cth = cystathionine. CRLB: Cramér-Rao lower bound; IDH: isocitrate dehydrogenase." />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Lucia Nichelli" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Capucine Cadin" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Patrizia Lazzari" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Bertrand Mathon" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Mehdi Touat" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Marc Sanson" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Franck Bielle" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Małgorzata Marjańska" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Stéphane Lehéricy" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Francesca Branzoli" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2024-07-12" />
<meta name="article:section" content="ORIGINAL RESEARCH" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Incorporation of edited MRS into clinical practice may improve care of patients with IDH-mutant glioma" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Isocitrate dehydrogenase (&lt;i&gt;IDH&lt;/i&gt;) mutation and 1p/19q codeletion classify adult-type diffuse gliomas into three tumor subtypes with distinct prognosis. We aimed to evaluate the performance of edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for glioma subtyping in a clinical setting, via the quantification of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) and cystathionine. The delay between this noninvasive classification and the integrated histomolecular analysis was also quantified.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Subjects with presumed low-grade glioma, eligible for surgery (&lt;i&gt;cohort 1&lt;/i&gt;), and subjects with IDH-mutant glioma, previously treated and with progressive disease (&lt;i&gt;cohort 2&lt;/i&gt;) were prospectively examined with a singlevoxel Mescher–Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy sequence at 3 T. Spectra were quantified using LCModel. The Cramér-Rao lower bounds (CRLB) threshold was set to 20%. Integrated histomolecular analysis according to the 2021 WHO classification was considered as a ground truth.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Thirty-four consecutive subjects were enrolled. Due to poor spectra quality and lack of histological specimen, data from 26 subjects was analyzed. Twenty-one belonged to cohort &lt;i&gt;1&lt;/i&gt; [11 females; median age: 42 years] and 5 to cohort &lt;i&gt;2&lt;/i&gt; [3 females; median age: 48 years]. Edited MRS showed 100% specificity for detection of &lt;i&gt;IDH&lt;/i&gt; mutation and 91% specificity for prediction of 1p/19q codeletion status. Sensitivities for prediction of &lt;i&gt;IDH&lt;/i&gt; and 1p/19q codeletion were 62% and 33%, respectively. The median CRLB values were 14% (13 – 32) for &lt;i&gt;IDH&lt;/i&gt;-mutant and 572% (554 – 999) for &lt;i&gt;IDH&lt;/i&gt;-wild-type tumors. The time between MRS and surgery was longer for low-grade than high-grade gliomas (p = .03), yet the time between MRS and WHO diagnosis did not differ between grades (p = .07), possibly reflecting molecular analyses induced delays in high-grade gliomas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Our results, acquired in a clinic setting, confirmed that edited MRS is highly specific for both IDH mutation and 1p/19q codeletion predictions and can provide a faster prognosis stratification. In the upcoming IDH-inhibitor treatment era, incorporation of edited MRS into clinical workflow is desirable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ABBREVIATIONS: 2HG = D-2-hydroxyglutarate; Cth = cystathionine. CRLB: Cramér-Rao lower bound; IDH: isocitrate dehydrogenase.&lt;/p&gt;" />
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/07/12" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="Lucia Nichelli" />
<meta name="citation_author_institution" content="1. Department of Neuroradiology, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Institut du Cerveau -Paris Brain Institute – ICM, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital -Charles Foix, Paris, France, 2. Center for NeuroImaging Research -CENIR, Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Paris, France, 3. Department of Radiology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico di Modena, Italy, 4. Department of Neurosurgery, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 5. Department of Neuro-oncology, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 6. Paris Brain Institute -ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Paris, France. Equipe labellisée LNCC, 7. Department of Neuropathology, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 8. Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States." />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Incorporation of edited MRS into clinical practice may improve care of patients with IDH-mutant glioma" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Isocitrate dehydrogenase ( IDH ) mutation and 1p/19q codeletion classify adult-type diffuse gliomas into three tumor subtypes with distinct prognosis. We aimed to evaluate the performance of edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for glioma subtyping in a clinical setting, via the quantification of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) and cystathionine. The delay between this noninvasive classification and the integrated histomolecular analysis was also quantified.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects with presumed low-grade glioma, eligible for surgery ( cohort 1 ), and subjects with IDH-mutant glioma, previously treated and with progressive disease ( cohort 2 ) were prospectively examined with a singlevoxel Mescher–Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy sequence at 3 T. Spectra were quantified using LCModel. The Cramér-Rao lower bounds (CRLB) threshold was set to 20%. Integrated histomolecular analysis according to the 2021 WHO classification was considered as a ground truth.

RESULTS: Thirty-four consecutive subjects were enrolled. Due to poor spectra quality and lack of histological specimen, data from 26 subjects was analyzed. Twenty-one belonged to cohort 1 [11 females; median age: 42 years] and 5 to cohort 2 [3 females; median age: 48 years]. Edited MRS showed 100% specificity for detection of IDH mutation and 91% specificity for prediction of 1p/19q codeletion status. Sensitivities for prediction of IDH and 1p/19q codeletion were 62% and 33%, respectively. The median CRLB values were 14% (13 – 32) for IDH -mutant and 572% (554 – 999) for IDH -wild-type tumors. The time between MRS and surgery was longer for low-grade than high-grade gliomas (p = .03), yet the time between MRS and WHO diagnosis did not differ between grades (p = .07), possibly reflecting molecular analyses induced delays in high-grade gliomas.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results, acquired in a clinic setting, confirmed that edited MRS is highly specific for both IDH mutation and 1p/19q codeletion predictions and can provide a faster prognosis stratification. In the upcoming IDH-inhibitor treatment era, incorporation of edited MRS into clinical workflow is desirable.

ABBREVIATIONS: 2HG = D-2-hydroxyglutarate; Cth = cystathionine. CRLB: Cramér-Rao lower bound; IDH: isocitrate dehydrogenase." />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Incorporation of edited MRS into clinical practice may improve care of patients with IDH-mutant glioma" />
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<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Isocitrate dehydrogenase ( IDH ) mutation and 1p/19q codeletion classify adult-type diffuse gliomas into three tumor subtypes with distinct prognosis. We aimed to evaluate the performance of edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for glioma subtyping in a clinical setting, via the quantification of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) and cystathionine. The delay between this noninvasive classification and the integrated histomolecular analysis was also quantified.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects with presumed low-grade glioma, eligible for surgery ( cohort 1 ), and subjects with IDH-mutant glioma, previously treated and with progressive disease ( cohort 2 ) were prospectively examined with a singlevoxel Mescher–Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy sequence at 3 T. Spectra were quantified using LCModel. The Cramér-Rao lower bounds (CRLB) threshold was set to 20%. Integrated histomolecular analysis according to the 2021 WHO classification was considered as a ground truth.

RESULTS: Thirty-four consecutive subjects were enrolled. Due to poor spectra quality and lack of histological specimen, data from 26 subjects was analyzed. Twenty-one belonged to cohort 1 [11 females; median age: 42 years] and 5 to cohort 2 [3 females; median age: 48 years]. Edited MRS showed 100% specificity for detection of IDH mutation and 91% specificity for prediction of 1p/19q codeletion status. Sensitivities for prediction of IDH and 1p/19q codeletion were 62% and 33%, respectively. The median CRLB values were 14% (13 – 32) for IDH -mutant and 572% (554 – 999) for IDH -wild-type tumors. The time between MRS and surgery was longer for low-grade than high-grade gliomas (p = .03), yet the time between MRS and WHO diagnosis did not differ between grades (p = .07), possibly reflecting molecular analyses induced delays in high-grade gliomas.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results, acquired in a clinic setting, confirmed that edited MRS is highly specific for both IDH mutation and 1p/19q codeletion predictions and can provide a faster prognosis stratification. In the upcoming IDH-inhibitor treatment era, incorporation of edited MRS into clinical workflow is desirable.

ABBREVIATIONS: 2HG = D-2-hydroxyglutarate; Cth = cystathionine. CRLB: Cramér-Rao lower bound; IDH: isocitrate dehydrogenase." />
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">Lucia Nichelli</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">Capucine Cadin</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">Patrizia Lazzari</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">Bertrand Mathon</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">Mehdi Touat</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">Marc Sanson</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">Franck Bielle</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">Małgorzata Marjańska</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">Stéphane Lehéricy</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">Francesca Branzoli</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">July 2024,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">ajnr.A8413; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A8413 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-108982--61312187024" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Lucia Nichelli </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>1. Department of Neuroradiology, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Institut du Cerveau -Paris Brain Institute – ICM, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital -Charles Foix, Paris, France, 2. Center for NeuroImaging Research -CENIR, Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Paris, France, 3. Department of Radiology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico di Modena, Italy, 4. Department of Neurosurgery, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 5. Department of Neuro-oncology, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 6. Paris Brain Institute -ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Paris, France. Equipe labellisée LNCC, 7. Department of Neuropathology, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 8. Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Lucia%2BNichelli%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Nichelli%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ALucia%2BNichelli%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Capucine Cadin </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>1. Department of Neuroradiology, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Institut du Cerveau -Paris Brain Institute – ICM, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital -Charles Foix, Paris, France, 2. Center for NeuroImaging Research -CENIR, Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Paris, France, 3. Department of Radiology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico di Modena, Italy, 4. Department of Neurosurgery, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 5. Department of Neuro-oncology, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 6. Paris Brain Institute -ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Paris, France. Equipe labellisée LNCC, 7. Department of Neuropathology, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 8. Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Capucine%2BCadin%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Cadin%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ACapucine%2BCadin%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Patrizia Lazzari </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>1. Department of Neuroradiology, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Institut du Cerveau -Paris Brain Institute – ICM, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital -Charles Foix, Paris, France, 2. Center for NeuroImaging Research -CENIR, Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Paris, France, 3. Department of Radiology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico di Modena, Italy, 4. Department of Neurosurgery, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 5. Department of Neuro-oncology, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 6. Paris Brain Institute -ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Paris, France. Equipe labellisée LNCC, 7. Department of Neuropathology, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 8. Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Patrizia%2BLazzari%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Lazzari%20P&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3APatrizia%2BLazzari%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Bertrand Mathon </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>1. Department of Neuroradiology, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Institut du Cerveau -Paris Brain Institute – ICM, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital -Charles Foix, Paris, France, 2. Center for NeuroImaging Research -CENIR, Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Paris, France, 3. Department of Radiology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico di Modena, Italy, 4. Department of Neurosurgery, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 5. Department of Neuro-oncology, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 6. Paris Brain Institute -ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Paris, France. Equipe labellisée LNCC, 7. Department of Neuropathology, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 8. Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Bertrand%2BMathon%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Mathon%20B&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ABertrand%2BMathon%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Mehdi Touat </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>1. Department of Neuroradiology, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Institut du Cerveau -Paris Brain Institute – ICM, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital -Charles Foix, Paris, France, 2. Center for NeuroImaging Research -CENIR, Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Paris, France, 3. Department of Radiology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico di Modena, Italy, 4. Department of Neurosurgery, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 5. Department of Neuro-oncology, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 6. Paris Brain Institute -ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Paris, France. Equipe labellisée LNCC, 7. Department of Neuropathology, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 8. Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Mehdi%2BTouat%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Touat%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AMehdi%2BTouat%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Marc Sanson </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>1. Department of Neuroradiology, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Institut du Cerveau -Paris Brain Institute – ICM, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital -Charles Foix, Paris, France, 2. Center for NeuroImaging Research -CENIR, Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Paris, France, 3. Department of Radiology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico di Modena, Italy, 4. Department of Neurosurgery, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 5. Department of Neuro-oncology, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 6. Paris Brain Institute -ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Paris, France. Equipe labellisée LNCC, 7. Department of Neuropathology, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 8. Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Marc%2BSanson%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Sanson%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AMarc%2BSanson%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Franck Bielle </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>1. Department of Neuroradiology, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Institut du Cerveau -Paris Brain Institute – ICM, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital -Charles Foix, Paris, France, 2. Center for NeuroImaging Research -CENIR, Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Paris, France, 3. Department of Radiology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico di Modena, Italy, 4. Department of Neurosurgery, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 5. Department of Neuro-oncology, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 6. Paris Brain Institute -ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Paris, France. Equipe labellisée LNCC, 7. Department of Neuropathology, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 8. 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Department of Neuroradiology, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Institut du Cerveau -Paris Brain Institute – ICM, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital -Charles Foix, Paris, France, 2. Center for NeuroImaging Research -CENIR, Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Paris, France, 3. Department of Radiology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico di Modena, Italy, 4. Department of Neurosurgery, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 5. Department of Neuro-oncology, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 6. Paris Brain Institute -ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Paris, France. Equipe labellisée LNCC, 7. Department of Neuropathology, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 8. Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Ma%C5%82gorzata%2BMarja%C5%84ska%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Marja%C5%84ska%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AMa%25C5%2582gorzata%2BMarja%25C5%2584ska%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Stéphane Lehéricy </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'>1. Department of Neuroradiology, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Institut du Cerveau -Paris Brain Institute – ICM, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital -Charles Foix, Paris, France, 2. Center for NeuroImaging Research -CENIR, Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Paris, France, 3. Department of Radiology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico di Modena, Italy, 4. Department of Neurosurgery, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 5. Department of Neuro-oncology, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 6. Paris Brain Institute -ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Paris, France. Equipe labellisée LNCC, 7. Department of Neuropathology, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 8. 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Department of Neuroradiology, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Institut du Cerveau -Paris Brain Institute – ICM, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital -Charles Foix, Paris, France, 2. Center for NeuroImaging Research -CENIR, Paris Brain Institute – ICM, Paris, France, 3. Department of Radiology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Policlinico di Modena, Italy, 4. Department of Neurosurgery, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 5. Department of Neuro-oncology, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 6. Paris Brain Institute -ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Paris, France. Equipe labellisée LNCC, 7. Department of Neuropathology, Sorbonne Université, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France, 8. 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