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Table 2:

Recommended MR imaging sequences and parameters for the assessment of fetuses with suspected DMSSC

SequencePlaneImaging ParametersNotes
Essential sequences
 3 plane scout/localizerAxial, sagittal, coronalFor subsequent planning
 T2-weighted TSE maternal pelvisSagittalTo assess the position of the fetus; reposition the coil if the fetal ROI is not in the center of the coil
 T2-weighted SSFSE or HASTEAxial, sagittal, coronala3-4 mm thickness, no intersection gaps (TR, 2000–3000 ms, TE, 150 ms), FOV 340 mm, flip angle 160°Provides excellent anatomic detail
 T2-weighted EPI-GRE or true FISPAxial, sagittal, coronala4 mm thickness, no intersection gap (TR, 4.22 ms, TE, 1.75 ms), FOV 380 mm, flip angle 65°Evaluation of bony and vascular structures
Optional sequences
 T1-weighted SPGRSagittal, coronal5 mm thickness, no intersection gaps (TR, 600 ms, TE, 30 ms), FOV 340 mmImproves spatial resolution with increasing gestational age
 Cine imagingVolumetric acquisitionAssesses fetal extremity mobility
  • Note:—SPGR indicates spoiled gradient recalled‐echo.

  • a Acquisition of all 3 planes in T2‐weighted SSFSE (HASTE) and T2‐weighted true FISP may not be feasible if the fetus is moving excessively; and in such a scenario, the protocol can be curtailed with T2‐weighted SSFSE in axial and coronal planes (providing anatomic detail) and T2‐weighted true FISP in sagittal plane (providing assessment of osseous structures).