Clinical and angiographic characteristics of patients

Patient No. (Figure No.)	Age/Sex	Location	Main Symptoms	Type	Access	Reason to Use Onyx	Assist Technique	Outcome	Notes
1 (Figure 1)	21/M	L periorbital	Painful pulsatile mass totally obstructing vision	vm	IA × 3 PC	Anticipation of better penetration into the nidus of the malformation with IA injection and direct puncture	Balloon, direct puncture of draining vein remote to fistula	Total removal after 2 series of embolizations and surgeries	Catheter tip retained and removed later during surgery, difficulty in balloon retrieval, supplemented with glue for cost containment purposes and also for direct puncture of draining vein
2	24/F	L cheek	Painful mass, cosmetic concerns	vm	IA × 1	Anticipation of better penetration into the nidus of the malformation with IA injection	Balloon	Residual AVM	Incomplete treatment, patient unwilling to pursue further treatment
3	10/M	At mentum of mandible	Mass with intermittent bleeding	vm	IA × 2	Anticipation of better penetration into the nidus of the malformation with IA injection		Total elimination of malformation	Small AVM, bilateral facial approach, no surgery, catheter tip retained on one side
4	7/M	L preauricular	Enlarging PM	fs	IA × 1	Plan to use external compression to limit embolization to the exact point of fistula under controlled injection to avoid excessive venous filling & arterial reflux	EC on both arterial and venous side of AVF	Total elimination of shunt
5	9/M	R angle of mandible	Enlarging PM	fs	IA × 1 TV in session 1, PC for 2nd session	Plan to use balloon assist	Balloon for session 1, venous EC for both sessions	Total elimination of shunt after 2 sessions of embolization	Significant filling of lesion through collaterals after session 1, glue used during second session to fill in large venous pouch
6 (Figure 2)	25/F	R zygoma	Bruit, PM	fs	IA × 1	Plan to use balloon assist	Balloon	Total elimination of shunt
7	26/M	L temple		fs	PC	Anticipation of retrograde filling of feeders	Venous EC	Total elimination of shunt	Surgical excision of cast
8 (Figure 3)	33/M	L occipital	Painful large scalp mass	fs	PC	Anticipation of retrograde filling of feeders	Venous EC	Total elimination of shunt	Surgical excision of cast
9 (Figure 4)	24/M	L forehead	Cosmetic concerns	fs	PC	Anticipation of retrograde filling of feeders	Venous EC	Total elimination of shunt	Surgical excision of cast, second surgery for blackish discoloration at injection site

Note:—M indicates male; F, female; L, left; R, right; PM, pulsatile mass; vm or AVM, arteriovenous malformation; AVF, arteriovenous fistula; fs, fistulous lesion; IA, intra-arterial; PC, percutaneous; TV, transvenous; EC, external compression.