Conditions at risk for PRES

Conditions
Toxemia of pregnancy (preeclampsia/eclampsia)
Posttransplantation:
allo-BMT
SOT
Immune suppression:
Cyclosporine
Tacrolimus (FK-506)
Infection/sepsis/shock:
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome
Autoimmune diseases:
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
Wegener's
Polyarteritis nodosa
Status-post cancer chemotherapy:
Combination high-dose chemotherapy
Reported miscellaneous drugs
Cytarabine^a,b
Cisplatin^c
Gemcitabine^d
Tiazofurin^e
Bevacizumab (Avastin)^f,g
Kinase inhibitor BAY 34–9006^h
Miscellaneous reported associations
Hypomagnesemia^i,j
Hypercalcemia^k,l
Hypocholesterolemia^m
Intravenous immunoglobulinⁿ
Guillain-Barré syndrome^o
Ephedra overdose^p
Dislysis/erythropoietin^q
Triple-H therapy^r,s
Tumor lysis syndrome^t,u
Hydrogen peroxide^v
Dimethyl sulfoxide stem cells^w

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^c Ito Y. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1998;19:415–17
^d Russell MT. Magn Reson Imaging 2001;19:129–32
^e Rippe DJ. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1988;12:1078–81
^f,g Glusker P. N Engl J Med 2006;354:980–82, discussion 980–82; Ozcan C. N Engl J Med 2006;354:980–82, discussion 980–82
^h Govindarajan R. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:e48
^i,j Thompson CB. Lancet 1984;2:1116–20; Al-Rasheed AK. Pediatr Neurol 2000;23:353–56
^k,l Choudhary M. Scand J Infect Dis 2005;37:524–26; Kim JH. Eur Neurol 2005;53:160–62
^m de Groen PC. N Engl J Med 1987;317:861–66
ⁿ Voltz R. Neurology 1996;46:250–51
^o Elahi A. Neurocrit Care 2004;1:465–68
^p Moawad FJ. South Med J 2006;99:511–14
^q Delanty N. Neurology 1997;49:686–89
^r,s Sanelli PC. Neurocrit Care 2005;3:46–50; Wartenberg KE. J Neuroimaging 2006;16:170–75
^t,u Kaito E. Pediatr Radiol 2005;35:722–27; Greenwood MJ. Leuk Lymphoma 2003;44:719–21
^v Cannon G. J Child Neurol 2003;18:805–08
^w Higman MA. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000;26:797–00