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            Clinical features common to PRES-related conditions
          
FeaturePreeclampsiaAllo-BMTSOTI/S/SAutoimmune DsChemo/Ca
Immune system antigen challenge++++++
(Placenta)(BMT)(Transplant)(Bacteria)(Self?)(Tumor Ag)
Microchimeric exchange+++–+−
T-cell activation++++++
Inflammatory cytokines: TNF-α, IL-1, IFN-γ++++++
Endothelial activation: p-selectin, e-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1++++??
Endothelin-1 up-regulation++++??
Endothelial injury: thrombocytopenia, schistocytes, LDH+++++?
Vascular instability: vasoconstriction, vasodilation++++??
Organ hypoperfusion++++??
MODS+++++?
VEGF elevation+?????
Endothelial autoantibodies+++–+−
  • Note:—I/S/S indicates infection/sepsis/shock; += present; –, not present; ?, undetermined or not studied; Allo-BMT, allogeneic bone marrow transplant; SOT, solid organ transplant; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL-1, interleukin; IFN, interferin; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; LDH, L-lactate dehydrogenase; MODS, multiorgan dysfunction syndrome; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; Ds, disease; Chemo/Ca, post chemotherapy with cancer; Ag, unique tumor antigens.