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Table 1. Findings that are suspicious for BCVI and should trigger screening
Cervical spine fractures with C1-C3 vertebral fracture
Extension into transverse foramen or lateral elements of vertebra
Luxation/subluxation or distraction mechanism
Closed head injury with diffuse axonal injury
Neurologic examinations incongruent with brain imaging
Stroke or transient ischemic attack
Horner syndrome
Basilar skull fracture with involvement of carotid canal, foramen lacerum
Severe maxillofacial fracture
Carotid or vertebral artery perivascular hematoma
Neck soft tissue injury (eg, seatbelt injury or hanging)
Note:—BCVI indicates blunt carotid and vertebral artery injury.
From Utter et al⁹, Cothren et al¹⁰, Miller et al¹⁴, and Sliker et al¹⁵.