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Table 2: Advanced imaging techniques in CNS lymphoma
Imaging Method Findings in CNS Lymphoma Potential Value as Diagnostic Tool in CNS Lymphoma
MRI/CT 
    Diffusion MRI/diffusion tensor imaging Restricted diffusion in lesions (hyperintense on DWI and hypointense on ADC maps)^40,44–47 Differentiation of CNS lymphoma and malignant glioma/metastases
Decreased FA values in lesions⁴⁷ 
    Perfusion MRI/perfusion CT/permeability MRI Low maximum CBV^40,41 Differentiation of CNS lymphoma and malignant glioma/metastases
Characteristic intensity time curve related to leakage of contrast into the interstitial space⁴¹ Assessment of microvascular tumor permeability relevant for diagnosis, prognostication, and therapy
    MR spectroscopy Elevated lipid peaks and high Cho/Cr ratios^{29,42–44,59} Differentiation of CNS lymphoma and some gliomas and CNS lymphomas and toxoplasmosis/PML in AIDS patients
    High-resolution SWI Blood products and calcifications are rare findings^14,27 Differentiation of CNS lymphoma and high-grade gliomas
    MRI with new contrast agents MRI with iron oxide nanoparticles: lesions enhance less than with gadolinium⁵⁶ Differentiation of CNS lymphoma and MS
Metabolic imaging 
    PET FDG-PET, methionine PET: hypermetabolic lesions with increased uptake of FDG or methionine^25,60,62 Differentiation of CNS lymphoma and gliomas/metastases/meningiomas
Early evaluation of therapeutic response
    SPECT/SPET Hypermetabolic lesions with high N-isopropyl iodoamphetamine or thallium-201 uptake^9,63,64 Differentiation of AIDS-related CNS lymphoma and infectious intracranial lesions