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Characteristics of sonographic modalities used for imaging cerebrovascular circulation
Study Location Frequency Common Usage
Transcranial Doppler Extracranial (extravascular) Multiples of 2 MHz Measures velocity of blood through intracranial vessels
Carotid duplex ultrasonography Extracranial (extravascular) 5–10 MHz Duplex procedure: brightness mode (B-mode) allows imaging and Doppler imaging enables color-flow volume and directional information; spectral analysis measures blood flow velocity; measures intimal medial thickness and evaluates stenosis
Intravascular ultrasound Intracranial, extracranial (intravascular) 20–40 MHz Determination of morphology and composition of atherosclerotic plaque within the extracranial and intracranial circulation; allows evaluation of correct stent diameter and the amount of balloon inflation pressure needed during angioplasty; enables visualization of stent apposition and expansion, mural thrombus, plaque ulceration, and aneurysm and vessel dissection