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Table 1:
Criteria for high-risk patients
Clinically significant cardiac disease Congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association functional class III/IV) Abnormal stress test Need for open-heart surgery Unstable angina (Canadian Cardiovascular Society class III/IV) Left ventricular ejection fraction ≤30% Planned coronary artery bypass graft or valve replacement Severe pulmonary disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease manifested with FEV ≤30% Contralateral carotid occlusion or stenosis Previous radical neck surgery or radiation therapy to the neck Recurrent stenosis after endarterectomy Age ≥75 years Surgically inaccessible lesion at or above C2, or below clavicle Laryngeal palsy or laryngectomy Symptom onset within 2 weeks Neurologic symptoms (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale grade ≥4) within 48 hours from onset Arteriosclerosis obliterans Cancer History of major surgery within the past year Renal problems (creatinine level >1.5 mg/dL)