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Representative cognitive and neurologic functions assessed during provocative amobarbital testing*
Neuropsychologic or Neurologic Function Lobe Test and/or Stimuli
Verbal fluency Frontal, temporal Naming of as many items in a given category (eg, fruits, animals) as possible in 15 seconds
Naming Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital Object naming, picture naming
Reading Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital Single word reading
Semantic judgment Temporal Deciding whether two words are related (eg, “Are grass and green related?”) or of a given category (eg, “Is a dog an animal?”) (10)
Mental arithmetic Parietal Performing non-rote calculations
Right-left orientation Parietal Using a specific hand to point to lateralized body part on the examiner (eg, “Point to my right ear with your right hand.”)
Visual-spatial processing Parietal, occipital Reading of analog clock faces, identifying common objects presented in disarranged visual fragments (11), performing and real vs non-real object decision tasks (12) (Fig 1)
Color perception and naming Occipital Naming of color patches
Recognition memory Frontal, temporal Testing after the amobarbital effect has worn off by asking the patient to choose between pairs of pictures or words, of which one of was shown in the language-testing phase
Strength Frontal, parietal Testing of limb strength contralateral to the AVM, assessed with the Medical Research Council scale
Sensation Frontal, parietal Assessing light touch and/or temperature in the contralateral limbs
Visual fields Parietal, temporal, occipital Confrontation testing with the detection of finger movement or finger counting
Limb coordination Cerebellar Testing with finger-to-nose and rapid finger-tapping sequences
Eye movements Cerebellar Testing with smooth pursuits and saccades
* Tests were based on the lobe in which the AVM was located.