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Table 4: 
MR imaging-based grading methods
ModalityDescriptionAuthor (No.)Acute (<24 hr from Symptom Onset)/NonacuteReliability Assessed?Prognostic Significance of Good Collateral Flow Grade in Acute Stroke
FADSLate FADS implies collateral flowMartel et al84 (22)AcuteNoNS
QMRAIncreased flow ipsilateral to steno-occlusive diseaseRuland et al83 (16)NonacuteNoN/A
Phase-contrast MRAFlow from posterior to anterior circulationSchomer et al82 (29)NonacuteNoN/A
FLAIRFLAIR hyperintensities as a marker of collateral flowLiebeskind85 (91)AcuteNoNS85,19,27,31,81
Kamran et al27 (8)
Noguchi et al31 (5)
Sanossian et al19 (74)
Lee et al81 (52)
T2*-weighted MRIAbnormal visualization of leptomeningeal vesselsHermier et al80 (48)AcuteNoNS
PWIDelayed perfusion sign visualized on PWIHermier et al79 (29)AcuteNoNS
ASLQuantitative distal collateral flow measurementWu et al13 (51)NonacuteNoN/A
TASLCollateral flow assessment based on ASPECTSChng et al51 (18)NonacuteNoN/A
CASLCollateral flow inferred from delayed arterial flowChalela et al78 (15)AcuteNoNS
  • Note:—NS indicates not stated; N/A, not applicable; FADS, factor analysis of dynamic structures; QMRA, quantitative MRA; TASL, territorial arterial spin labelling; CASL, continuous arterial spin-labeled/labeling; ASPECTS, Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score.