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Demographic data, clinical characteristics, and regional volumetry of patients with NCS and controls^a
Patients with NCS (n = 32) Controls (n = 32) P Value
Clinical features 
    Age (yr) 24.1 ± 6.9 24.8 ± 5.2 .655
    Male sex (No.) (%) 11 (34.4) 12 (37.5) .794
    Age of onset (yr) 20.8 ± 7.1 
    Disease duration (yr) 4.3 ± 4.7 
    No. of total syncope and presyncope attacks 38.4 ± 74.4 
Head-up tilt test findings 
    Baseline systolic BP (mm Hg) 109.5 ± 12.2 
    Baseline diastolic BP (mm Hg) 62.0 ± 9.6 
    Baseline mean HR (beats/min) 67.7 ± 10.0 
    Change in systolic BP (mm Hg) −40.5 ± 15.3 
    Change in diastolic BP (mm Hg) −18.3 ± 10.1 
    Change in HR (beats/min) −33.5 ± 15.8 
Volume of structure (mm³) 
    R rostral anterior cingulate 2288 ± 416.3 2461 ± 425.2 .137
    R caudal anterior cingulate 2386 ± 555.6 2488 ± 639.3 .498
    R insula 7323 ± 689.1 8011 ± 932.5 .002
    R amygdala 1755 ± 232.2 1829 ± 184.9 .339
    L rostral anterior cingulate 2791 ± 484.6 3141 ± 589.7 .014
    L caudal anterior cingulate 1819 ± 494.8 2142 ± 711.5 .063
    L insula 7234 ± 649.5 7657 ± 701.0 .018
    L amygdala 1770 ± 216.2 1816 ± 229.1 .963
Note:—R indicates right; L, left.
↵a The values are presented as means. An independent t test and χ² test were used to compare between-group differences in age and sex, respectively. MANCOVA adjusting for age,sex, and estimated total intracranial volume was performed to compare regional volumes of each structure between the groups.