MRS application in AD diagnosis^{^a}

Reference	Method	Field (T)	Region	Application	Finding (AD versus NC)
Watanabe et al⁶⁹	PRESS	1.5	Hippocampus, PCG, occipital lobe	AD, MCI, NC	NAA↓ mI↑ TMA↓ tCr↓ ★
Kantarci et al⁶⁰	PRESS	1.5	PCG	AD, postmortem	NAA↓ mI↑ TMA →
Block et al⁵³	2D-MRSI	1.5	Hippocampus, temporal lobe, occipital lobe	AD, NC	NAA↓ TMA →
Kantarci et al⁶¹	PRESS	1.5, 3.0	PCG	AD, MCI	NAA↓ mI↑ TMA↑ Glx →
Chantal et al⁵⁴	PRESS	1.5	MTL, prefrontal cortex, and parietotemporal	AD, NC	NAA↓ TMA↓ mI↑ ★
Hattori et al⁵⁸	PRESS	3.0	PCG, parieto-occipital white matter	AD, NC	NAA↓ Glx↓
Jessen et al⁶⁷	PRESS	1.5	MTL	AD, NC	NAA↓ TMA → tCr → ★
Garcia Santos et al⁵⁵	PRESS	1.5	PCG	AD, MCI, NC	NAA↓ TMA → mI →
Hancu et al⁵⁷	J-PRESS	3.0	PCG	AD, NC	NAA↓ Glu →
Dixon et al⁶³	STEAM	2.0	Hippocampus	AD, NC	NAA↓ ★
Schott et al⁶²	PRESS	1.5	PCG	AD, NC	NAA↓ mI↑ TMA →
Antuono et al⁵²	PRESS	0.5	PCG	AD, NC	NAA↓ mI↑TMA → Glx↓
Godbolt et al⁵⁶	PRESS	1.5	PCG	AD, NC	NAA↓ mI↑
Jessen et al⁶⁶	PRESS	1.5	MTL	AD, MCI, NC	NAA↓ TMA↓ tCr↓ ★
Siger et al⁷⁰	2D-MRSI	1.5	Frontal WM, parietal WM	AD, MCI, NC	NAA↓ mI↑
Ackl et al⁵¹	PRESS	1.5	Parietal WM, parietal GM, hippocampus	AD, MCI, NC	NAA↓ mI↑
Falini et al⁶⁴	WBNAA	1.5	Whole brain	AD, MCI, NC	NAA↓ ★
Frederick et al⁷¹	PRESS	1.5	Temporal lobe	AD, MCI, NC	NAA↓ mI → TMA →
Christiansen et al⁹³	STEAM	1.5	Hippocampus	AD, NC	T2 values↓
Chantal et al⁷⁷	PRESS	1.5	MTL, prefrontal cortex, and parietotemporal	AD, MCI, NC	NAA↓TMA↓ mI↑ ★
Huang et al⁶⁵	STEAM	1.5	Parietal lobe, occipital lobe	AD, NC	NAA↓ mI↑TMA → tCr↑★
Schuff et al⁶⁸	2D-MRSI	1.5	Frontoparietal region	AD, NC	NAA↓ TMA → tCr → ★
Parnetti et al⁷²	STEAM	1.5	Temporal GM, frontal WM	AD, NC	NAA↓ TMA → mI↑ tCr → ★
Frederick et al⁹⁴	STEAM	1.5	Parietal lobe, temporal lobe	AD, NC	NAA↓ TMA →
Jessen et al⁵⁹	PRESS	1.5	Parietal GM, MTL	AD, NC	NAA↓ TMA↓
Rose et al⁷³	STEAM	2.0	Parietal midline	AD, NC	NAA↓ mI↑ TMA → tCr →
Kantarci et al⁷⁴	PRESS	1.5	PCG, temporal lobe, occipital lobe	AD, MCI, NC	NAA↓ mI↑ TMA↑
Haley et al⁹⁵	STEAM	1.5	Frontal WM	AD, NC	NAA↓TMA →
MacKay et al⁷⁵	2D-MRSI	2.0	GM, WM	AD, NC	NAA↓ TMA↑
Schuff et al⁷⁶	2D-MRSI	1.5	Hippocampus	AD, NC	NAA↓ mI↑ TMA↑

Note:—NC indicates healthy control; PRESS-J, TE-averaged PRESS; MTL, mesial temporal lobe; WBNAA, Whole-brain NAA; ↑, significantly increased; ↓, significantly decreased; →, no significant differences; NC, normal controls; PCG, posterior cingulate gyrus.
↵a Metabolite concentrations are ratios to tCr, unless a star indicates that the metabolite level has been calculated by reference to the water signal instead.