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Summary of the most recent MRS studies on ADHDa
StudySubjectsMethodRegionFindings
No. of ADHD (age, yr)No. of Controls (age, yr)
Children
    Perlov et al, 200930––Meta-analysisLeft STR,↑Cho
Right frontal lobe↑Cho
    Hammerness et al, 2012311212PRESS at 4T, TR/TE = 2000/30 msACC↑Glu/mIns; Gln/mIns; Glx/mIns (trend)
    Arcos-Burgos et al, 20123214 (8–54)20 (8–54)2D and 3D CSI at 1.5T, TR/TE = 1500/30 msRight PCC↑Glx/tCr
STR; splenium; medial and lateral Thal; vermis (cerebellum)Interaction of mIns/tCr, NAA/tCr, Glx/tCr with age and ADHD status
    Tafazoli et al, 20133413 (12.3)13 (12.2)CSI at 1.5T, TR/TE = 1500/30 msRight DLPFC↓NAA; tCr; Cho; mIns
Left DLPFC–
    Soliva et al, 20103517 (10.4)17 (10.8)PRESS at 1.5T, TR/TE = 2000/30 msRight frontal cortex↓tCr
Left cerebellum↓NAA; mIns; tCr
    Carrey et al, 20073813 (6–11)10 (6–11)PRESS at 1.5T, TR/TE = 2000/30 msLeft striatum↑Glu; Gln; Glx; tCr
Right PFC; left occipital lobe–
    Yang et al, 20103937 (13.9)22 (14.8)PRESS at 1.5T, TR/TE = 1600/35 msRight PFC↓tCr
Left PFC–
    Stanley et al, 20084231 (8.1)36 (8.1)Multivoxel 31P-MRS at 1.5TBilateral basal ganglia↓Membrane phospholipid precursor,
Inferior parietal region↑membrane phospholipid precursor
    Edden et al, 20124113 (10.2)19 (10.6)MEGA-PRESS at 3T, TR/TE = 1800/68 msPrimary motor cortex↓GABA
Adults
    Perlov et al, 200930––Meta-analysisBilateral ACC↑Cho
    Perlov et al, 20074528 (32.4)28 (30.5)CSI at 1.5T, TR/TE = 1500/30 msRight ACC↓Glx/tCr
    Colla et al, 20084415 (36.1)10 (33.2)2D CSI at 1.5T, TR/TE = 1500/135 msBilateral ACC↑Cho/tCr
    Dramsdahl et al, 20114629 (32.9)38 (29.8)PRESS at 3T, TR/TE = 1500/35 msLeft midfrontal region↓Glx/tCr
    Kronenberg et al, 2008477 MPH (32.6)7 no MPH (32.6)2D CSI at 1.5T, TR/TE = 1500/135 msLeft midfrontal region↑NAA; ↓Cho after MPH
    Perlov et al, 20104830 (32.1)30 (29.9)CSI at 1.5T, TR/TE = 1500/30 msLeft cerebellum↑Glx/tCr
Right cerebellum; vermis–
  • Note:—STR indicates striatum; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; MPH, methylphenidate; Thal, thalamus; Gln, glutamine; Glu, glutamate; CSI, chemical shift imaging; DLPFC, dorsolateral PFC; ↓, decreased level; ↑, increased level.
  • ↵a For each study, we provide the number of subjects involved, age mean or range in years, the MRS technique, and the findings in each region.