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Table 1: Summary statistics of AVM cases^{^a}
Characteristic Hemorrhage on Noninvasive Imaging Overall (n = 519)
Nonhemorrhagic (n = 293 [56%]) Hemorrhagic (n = 226 [44%])
Age at diagnosis (yr) 36.9 ± 17.2 33.5 ± 19.0 35.4 ± 18.0
Sex 
    Female 155 (53) 116 (51) 271 (52)
    Male 138 (47) 110 (49) 248 (48)
White^{^b} 
    Yes 170 (58) 113 (50) 283 (55)
    No 123 (42) 113 (50) 236 (45)
AVM side 
    Right 135 (46) 105 (46) 240 (46)
    Left 146 (50) 105 (46) 251 (48)
    Midline 12 (4) 16 (7) 28 (5)
Maximum dimension (cm) 3.28 ± 1.58 2.43 ± 1.55 2.92 ± 1.62
Venous drainage 
    Not exclusively deep 275 (94) 163 (72) 438 (84)
    Exclusively deep 18 (6) 63 (28) 81 (16)
Venous stenosis 
    0%–24% 125 (43) 112 (50) 237 (46)
    25%–49% 54 (18) 38 (17) 92 (18)
    50%–74% 73 (25) 38 (17) 111 (21)
    75%–99% 34 (12) 30 (13) 64 (12)
    100% (occlusion) 7 (2) 8 (4) 15 (3)
Number of draining veins 
    Single 71 (24%) 123 (54%) 194 (37%)
    Multiple 222 (76%) 103 (46%) 325 (63%)
Venous ectasia 
    Yes 170 (58) 76 (34) 246 (47)
    No 123 (42) 150 (66) 273 (53)
Venous reflux 
    Yes 105 (36) 46 (20) 151 (29)
    No 188 (64) 180 (80) 368 (71)
↵a Values are No. (%) or mean ± SD.
↵b Ethnicity is included as a variable, as other studies have shown statistically significant differences in the rates of AVM hemorrhage in individuals of different ethnic backgrounds.