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Classification of arteriovenous malformations and arteriovenous fistulas
Pathology AVM AVF
Distinguishing feature Presence of a nidus No nidus
Grading system Spetzler-Martin classification Cognard classification
Borden classification
Classification Spetzler-Martin AVM grading scale Cognard classification:
Size     Grade I: in sinus wall; normal antegrade venous drainage
    Small (<3 cm) = 1     Grade IIa: in sinus; reflux to sinus, not cortical veins
    Medium (3–6 cm) = 2     Grade IIb: retrograde drainage (reflux) to cortical veins
    Large (>6 cm) = 3     Grade III: direct cortical venous drainage; no venous ectasia
Eloquence of adjacent brain     Grade IV: direct cortical venous drainage and venous ectasia
    Noneloquent = 0     Grade V: Spinal perimedullary venous drainage
    Eloquent = 1 Borden classification:
Venous drainage     Type I: dural arterial supply with antegrade venous drainage
    Superficial only = 0     Type Ia: simple dAVF with single meningeal arterial supply
    Deep component = 1     Type Ib: complex dAVF with multiple meningeal arteries
    Type II: retrograde cortical venous drainage
    Type III: dural arteries drain into cortical veins