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Table 2: Summary of patient histories and US findings
No. Age (yr) Sex History Clinical Details on Referral US findings
1 50 M Squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil, neck dissection Hypoglossal nerve palsy Scar tissue around the nerve (Fig 3)
2 72 M Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue base Hypoglossal nerve palsy Tumor infiltration of the nerve (Fig 4)
3 33 F Facial nerve end-to-side coaptation to the hypoglossal nerve after tongue palsy after cerebellopontine angle tumor resection Tongue paresis Nerve coaptation site with focal hypoglossal nerve thickening (Fig 5)
4 68 F Partial hypoglossal nerve transfer for facial nerve reconstruction after malignant parotid gland tumor resection Tongue weakness Nerve transfer site with focal thickening and fibrosis
5 48 M Squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil, neck dissection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy Hypoglossal palsy Scar tissue entrapment of the hypoglossal nerve
6 55 M Neurofibromatosis Screening Neurofibroma (Fig 6)

No.	Age (yr)	Sex	History	Clinical Details on Referral	US findings
1	50	M	Squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil, neck dissection	Hypoglossal nerve palsy	Scar tissue around the nerve (Fig 3)
2	72	M	Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue base	Hypoglossal nerve palsy	Tumor infiltration of the nerve (Fig 4)
3	33	F	Facial nerve end-to-side coaptation to the hypoglossal nerve after tongue palsy after cerebellopontine angle tumor resection	Tongue paresis	Nerve coaptation site with focal hypoglossal nerve thickening (Fig 5)
4	68	F	Partial hypoglossal nerve transfer for facial nerve reconstruction after malignant parotid gland tumor resection	Tongue weakness	Nerve transfer site with focal thickening and fibrosis
5	48	M	Squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil, neck dissection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy	Hypoglossal palsy	Scar tissue entrapment of the hypoglossal nerve
6	55	M	Neurofibromatosis	Screening	Neurofibroma (Fig 6)