Table 1:

Demographic, neurologic, and neuropsychological data of healthy controls and patients with RRMS^{^a}

	Healthy Controls (n = 19)	Cognitively Nonimpaired RRMS (n = 19)	Cognitively Impaired RRMS (n = 20)
Demographic and clinical data
Age (yr)	49.0 ± 7.1	46.4 ± 7.2	48.1 ± 4.7
Sex (F/M)	14:5	15:4	12:8
Education (yr)	16.9 ± 2.9^{^b}	16.1 ± 1.3	14.6 ± 1.9^{^b}
Disease duration (yr)	NA	11.8 ± 5.4	11.6 ± 4.9
EDSS	NA	1.8 ± 0.7^{^c}	2.6 ± 0.7^{^c}
HADS-Anxiety	4.4 ± 4.3^{^b,^d}	6.37 ± 3.1^{^d}	8.5 ± 3.7^{^b}
HADS-Depression	2.3 ± 2.3^{^b}	3.5 ± 3.2^{^c}	7.6 ± 2.9^{^b,^c}
Treatment	NA
β-interferon		4 (21%)	3 (15%)
Other immune suppressors		11 (58%)	12 (60%)
None		4 (21%)	5 (25%)
Presence of enhancing lesions	NA	1 (5%)	5 (25%)
Volumetric data (cm³)
GM	653.37 ± 81.51	618.83 ± 53.94	605.09 ± 60.90
WM	458.22 ± 65.02^{^b}	421.84 ± 39.29	414.53 ± 71.56^{^b}
BG	19.41 ± 2.75	18.68 ± 2.52	18.04 ± 2.93
Th	9.83 ± 1.92^{^b}	9.14 ± 1.98	7.91 ± 1.88^{^b}
CL	0.00 ± 0.00^{^b}	0.12 ± 0.11	0.22 ± 0.36^{^b}
T2H	0.00 ± 0.00^{^b}	9.37 ± 10.02	13.47 ± 13.30^{^b}
T1bh	0.00 ± 0.00^{^b}	3.21 ± 2.98	5.85 ± 6.77^{^b}
CSF	320.89 ± 210.43^{^b}	353.22 ± 131.71	400.29 ± 173.78^{^b}
Neurocognitive tests (z score)
COWAT-FAS	−0.67 ± 0.83	−0.26 ± 1.06^{^c}	−1.16 ± 0.89^{^c}
COWAT-Animals	−0.13 ± 1.14	−0.41 ± 0.95^{^c}	−0.59 ± 1.18^{^c}
BVMT-IR	−0.37 ± 1.15^{^b}	−0.07 ± 1.04^{^c}	−1.68 ± 1.34^{^b,^c}
BVMT-DR	−0.40 ± 1.14^{^b}	−0.42 ± 0.77^{^c}	−1.62 ± 1.48^{^b,^c}
PASAT-3	−0.39 ± 0.94^{^b}	−0.05 ± 0.61^{^c}	−1.71 ± 0.82^{^b,^c}
PASAT-2	−0.21 ± 0.89^{^b}	−0.26 ± 0.66^{^c}	−1.80 ± 0.57^{^b,^c}
JLO	−0.98 ± 0.20	−0.83 ± 0.56	−0.40 ± 0.67
SDMT	−0.14 ± 0.92^{^b}	−0.02 ± 0.75^{^c}	−1.80 ± 1.17^{^b,^c}
CVLT II-IR	−0.25 ± 1.05^{^b}	−0.23 ± 1.04^{^c}	−1.94 ± 1.36^{^b,^c}
CVLT II-DR	−0.11 ± 0.66^{^b}	−0.21 ± 0.92^{^c}	−2.20 ± 1.61^{^b,^c}
DKEFS-ST	−0.51 ± 0.73	−0.26 ± 0.61	−0.20 ± 1.25

Note:—NA indicates not applicable; EDSS, Expanded Disability Status Score; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; COWAT, Controlled Oral Word Association Test; BVMT, Brief Visuospatial Test- Revised; PASAT, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test; JLO, Judgment of Line Orientation Test; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; CVLT II, California Verbal Learning Test-II; IR, immediate recall; DR, delayed recall; DKEFS-ST, Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Sorting Test; BG, basal ganglia; Th, thalamus; CL, cortical lesions; T2H, T2 hyperintensities; T1bh, T1 black holes.
↵a Significance at P <.017, corrected for multiple comparisons; all values are means unless specified.
↵b Healthy controls vs patients with RRMS with cognitive impairment.^.
↵c Patients with RRMS without impairment vs those with cognitive impairment.
↵d Healthy controls vs patients with RRMS without impairment.