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Clinical applications of focused ultrasound and the proposed mechanisms of action
FUS Exposures and Effects on Biologic Tissues
Mechanism of Action Applications
High-intensity continuous application Thermal → coagulative necrosis Thalamotomy: essential tremor,¹¹ chronic
    neuropathic pain,¹³ obsessive-
    compulsive disorder³⁶
    Pallidotomy: Parkinson disease¹²
    Solid tumor ablation¹⁴
High-intensity pulsed application Oscillation of ultrasound “microbubble” contrast agents Enhanced agent CNS delivery²²
    Thermal → regional hyperthermia     Enhanced chemotherapy/radiotherapy³⁷
    Mechanical → radiation force–induced displacements     Induction of microglial activation²⁷
    Sonothrombolysis in ischemic stroke³⁸
    Intracranial hematoma evacuation³⁹
Low-intensity pulsed application Mechanical → activation/inhibition of Na⁺ and Ca²⁺-gated ion channels Noninvasive neuromodulation^33,34

	FUS Exposures and Effects on Biologic Tissues
	Mechanism of Action	Applications
High-intensity continuous application	Thermal → coagulative necrosis	Thalamotomy: essential tremor,¹¹ chronic
		neuropathic pain,¹³ obsessive-
		compulsive disorder³⁶
		Pallidotomy: Parkinson disease¹²
		Solid tumor ablation¹⁴
High-intensity pulsed application	Oscillation of ultrasound “microbubble” contrast agents	Enhanced agent CNS delivery²²
	Thermal → regional hyperthermia	Enhanced chemotherapy/radiotherapy³⁷
	Mechanical → radiation force–induced displacements	Induction of microglial activation²⁷
		Sonothrombolysis in ischemic stroke³⁸
		Intracranial hematoma evacuation³⁹
Low-intensity pulsed application	Mechanical → activation/inhibition of Na⁺ and Ca²⁺-gated ion channels	Noninvasive neuromodulation^33,34