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Table 2: 
Baseline characteristics and MRI findings of participants
VariableLBP Participants (n = 20)Control Participants (n = 10)
Female sex (No.) (%)9 (45%)5 (50%)
Age (mean) (SD) (yr)37.4 (9.4)39.8 (9.4)
≥2 previous episodes (%)55%50%
Pain intensity (mean) (SD) (NPRS)5.95 (1.47)0
Duration of current episode (median) (IQR) (day)6.5 (3.3–9.5)0
Disc degeneration ≥3 (No.) (%)16 (80%)6 (60%)
Signal intensity loss (No.) (%)12 (60%)4 (40%)
Disc height loss (No.) (%)2 (10%)2 (20%)
Modic changes (No.) (%)6 (30%)2 (20%)
Annular fissure (No.) (%)3 (15%)1 (10%)
HIZ (No.) (%)10 (50%)6 (60%)
Disc herniation total (No.) (%)20 (100%)9 (90%)
Canal stenosis (No.) (%)2 (10%)0 (0%)
Spondylolisthesis or retrolisthesis (No.) (%)6 (30%)4 (40%)
Facet joint arthropathy (No.) (%)11 (55%)4 (40%)
Bone edema (posterior elements) (No.) (%)0 (0%)1 (10%)
Nerve root compression (No.) (%)10 (50%)2 (20%)
  • Note:—IQR indicates interquartile range; NPRD, Numerical Pain Rating Scale.