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Table 2: Preoperative clinical presentation
Overall No DESH DESH P Value (No DESH vs DESH)
Gait (No.) 133 96 37 
Normal gait 14 13 1 >.05
    Gait abnormality with uneven surfaces or pace 18 15 3 >.05
    History of falls 54 40 14 >.05
    Assisted gait (ie, walker) 39 23 16 >.05
    Wheelchair-bound 8 5 3 >.05
Urinary dysfunction (No.) 131 94 37 
    No dysfunction 43 31 12 >.05
    Urgency, anxiety, or ambiguous symptoms not otherwise classified 19 16 3 >.05
    Rare or intermittent symptoms 43 30 13 >.05
    Urinary symptoms often 16 11 5 >.05
    Urinary incontinence (requiring adult diapers) 10 6 4 >.05
Dementia (No.) 133 96 37 
    No dementia 22 16 6 >.05
    Forgetfulness 33 28 5 >.05
    Mild dementia 47 33 14 >.05
    Moderate dementia 21 14 7 >.05
    Severe dementia 10 5 5 >.05
MMSE^{^a} (mean) (95% CI) 26.5 (7–30) 27.1 (16–30) 21.3 (7–28) >.05
Tinetti (proportion) 21.4 (6–28) 21.63 (6–28) 21.3 (7–28) >.05
TUG (mean) (95% CI) 19.07 (4.5–82) 18.63 (4.5–60) 19.5 (9.7–82) >.05
Depression (proportion) 52/94 (55.3%) 40/73 (54.8%) 12/21 (57.1%) >.05
Headache (proportion) 44/78 (56.4%) 36/62 (58.1%) 8/16 (50%) >.05
↵a The MMSE score was available for 26/96 patients with preoperative findings without DESH and 34/37 patients with DESH.