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Table 2:

Results of transforaminal approach

PatientForamenGuidanceTime (min)Obliquity in the Sagittal PlaneTechnical SuccessaHydrodissectionMaximal Temperature (°C)
1T12–L1Fluoro1140°YesYes, effective39
2L1–L2Fluoro1140°YesYes, effective41
3T12–L1CT & fluoro936°YesYes, effective45
4L1–L2Fluoro1235°YesNo45
5L2–L3Fluoro1043°YesYes, effective43
L3–L4Fluoro638°YesNo44
6T12–L1CT & fluoro742°YesYes, effective41
7T12–L1Fluoro844°YesYes, ineffective44
8L1–L2Fluoro & CBCT3833°No (4 mm too cranial and 5 mm too lateral)Yes, ineffective39
9T12–L1Fluoro536°YesYes, effective43
10L3–L4Fluoro847°YesYes, effective38
11L2–L3CT & fluoro937°YesYes, effective39
12T12–L1CT & fluoro747°YesYes, effective45
13L2–L3CT & fluoro744°YesNo42
  • Note:—Fluoro indicates fluoroscopy; CBCT, conbeam CT.

  • a Technical success was defined by a position of the thermosensor in the midline on anteroposterior view and at the midportion of the posterior wall on lateral view.