1naresh2naresh
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Anatomic Variations Embryologic Implications Type Incidence Direct and Indirect Signs Embryologic Explanation Embryo Size (mm) Complete persistence of the SA 2 cases Petrous ICA origin of the MMA; petrous ICA origin of the internal maxillary artery; enlarged foramen spinosum; eroded cochlear promontory Lack of annexation of the maxillomandibular branch by the ventral pharyngeal artery; persistence of the tympanic segment of the SA 24 Partial persistence of the SA 0.4% Petrous ICA origin of the MMA; absent foramen spinosum; enlarged facial canal Regression of the proximal segment of the maxillomandibular branch; persistence of the tympanic segment of the SA 24 Tympano-carotico-tympanic variant; aberrant flow of the ICA plus persistent SA 5 cases Intratympanic course of the ICA; petrous ICA origin of the MMA; enlarged inferior tympanic canal; absent exocranial carotid canal Regression of the proximal segment of the maxillomandibular branch; persistence of the tympanic segment of the SA; agenesis of the first 2 segments of the ICA; anastomosis between inferior tympanic artery and caroticotympanic artery 24; 4–5 Pharyngo-tympano-stapedial variant 2 cases Cervical ICA origin of the MMA; absent foramen spinosum Regression of the proximal segment of the maxillomandibular branch; persistence of the tympanic segment of the SA; anastomosis between the inferior tympanic artery and the caroticotympanic artery 24 MMA origin of the OA n = 2% MMA origin of the OA; no OA from the ICA or only the central retinal artery Lack of annexation of the supraorbital branch by the OA; persistence of the sphenoidal part of the supraorbital branch 24