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Table 2: Etiology of the false-positive flagged studies
False-Positive Etiology Count Percentage of All Flagged Studies (n = 173)
Degeneration 55 31.8
    Degenerative ossicle 18 10.4
    Facet degeneration 14 8.1
    Calcified ligament 6 3.5
    Cortical irregularity 7 4.0
    Osteopenia 4 2.3
    Cystic degeneration 4 2.3
    Atlantodental joint 1 0.6
    Osteophyte 1 0.6
Noncervical pathology 15 8.7
    Rib fracture 8 4.6
    Degeneration, thoracic 4 2.3
    Skull fracture 2 1.2
    Carotid calcification 1 0.6
Anatomic variant 10 5.8
    Nonunion vertebrae 4 2.3
    Transitional anatomy 2 1.2
    Limbus 2 1.2
    Bifid spinous process 1 0.6
    Secondary transverse foramen 1 0.6
Nutrient foramen 9 5.2
Artifact 7 4.0
Unknown 8 4.6
Other 2 1.7
    DISH 1 0.6
    Occipital suture 1 0.6
Total 106 61.3
Note:—DISH indicates diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis.

False-Positive Etiology	Count	Percentage of All Flagged Studies (n = 173)
Degeneration	55	31.8
Degenerative ossicle	18	10.4
Facet degeneration	14	8.1
Calcified ligament	6	3.5
Cortical irregularity	7	4.0
Osteopenia	4	2.3
Cystic degeneration	4	2.3
Atlantodental joint	1	0.6
Osteophyte	1	0.6
Noncervical pathology	15	8.7
Rib fracture	8	4.6
Degeneration, thoracic	4	2.3
Skull fracture	2	1.2
Carotid calcification	1	0.6
Anatomic variant	10	5.8
Nonunion vertebrae	4	2.3
Transitional anatomy	2	1.2
Limbus	2	1.2
Bifid spinous process	1	0.6
Secondary transverse foramen	1	0.6
Nutrient foramen	9	5.2
Artifact	7	4.0
Unknown	8	4.6
Other	2	1.7
DISH	1	0.6
Occipital suture	1	0.6
Total	106	61.3