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Table 1: Patient demographics and comorbidities
Patient Characteristics (No.) (%)^{^a} IOCM (n = 4042) LOCM (n = 38,130)
Age (yr) 
 Mean (SD) 69.1 (13.8) 67.2 (14.6)
Sex 
 Male 2083 (51.5) 20,140 (52.8)
 Female 1959 (48.5) 17,988 (47.2)
Race 
 White 3058 (75.7) 28,995 (76.0)
 Black 501 (12.4) 4652 (12.2)
 Other 483 (11.9) 4483 (11.8)
Insurance 
 Commercial 174 (4.3) 2020 (5.3)
 Medicare 2619 (64.8) 22,347 (58.6)
 Medicaid 334 (8.3) 3907 (10.2)
 Managed care 670 (16.6) 6726 (17.6)
 Other 245 (6.1) 3130 (8.2)
Elixhauser Comorbidity Index score^{^b}   
 Mean (SD) 4.6 (2.2) 4.5 (2.2)
Chronic kidney disease        
 Stage 1 6 (0.1) 34 (0.1)
 Stage 2 33 (0.8) 319 (0.8)
 Stage 3 363 (9.0) 2067 (5.4)
 Stage 4 81 (2.0) 293 (0.8)
 Unspecified 274 (6.8) 1574 (4.1)
Record of acute kidney injury 
 On admission 405 (10.0) 2929 (7.7)
 In previous admission 37 (0.9) 321 (0.8)
↵a All values reported as No. (%) unless otherwise noted.
↵b The Elixhauser Comorbidity Index score is calculated using 31 categories of comorbidities associated with mortality and is based on International Classification of Diseases 9 and 10 codes. Each comorbidity category is dichotomous and includes heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and so forth.