Table 2:

Summary of findings for inserting prevalence information into imaging reports versus standard reports^{^a}

Study/No. of Participants	GRADE Rating	Follow-Up Period	OutcomeHealth Care Use or Cost, Outcome Measure	EffectOR, 95% CI, or Rate Ratio (P Value)
Jarvik et al, 2020²¹N = 238,886^{^c}	Moderate	Short-term	Written opioid prescription	OR = 0.95 (0.90–0.99)^{^b}
Marcum et al, 2021²⁵N = 170,680^{^c}	Moderate	Short-term	New prescription for nonopioid pain-related medications^{^d}	OR = 1.02 (0.97–1.08)^{^b}
Jarvik et al, 2020²¹N = 238,886^{^c}	Moderate	Long-term	Written opioid prescription	OR = 0.95 (0.91–1.00)^{^b}
Suri et al, 2021²⁶N = 238,886^{^c}	Moderate	Long-term	Nonsurgical procedures^{^e}Any spine surgery	OR = 1.01 (0.93–1.09)^{^b}OR = 0.99 (0.91–1.07)^{^b}
Weeks et al, 2020²⁴N = 6904	Very low	Long-term	Primary care visitsChiropractic care visitsPhysical therapy care visitsSpecialty care visitsNerve-conduction testsMR imaging testingNon-MR imagingFacet injectionOn an opioidOn a muscle relaxantNonfusion spine surgery	Rate ratio = 0.86 P = NS^{^f}Rate ratio = 1.37 P = .05^{^f}
				Rate ratio = 1.19 P = NS^{^f}
				Rate ratio = 0.95 P = NS^{^f}
				Rate ratio = 0.57 P = .05^{^f}
				Rate ratio = 0.89 P = NS^{^f}
				Rate ratio = 0.73 P = .04^{^f}
				Rate ratio = 0.71 P = .02^{^f}
				Rate ratio = 0.98 P = NS^{^f}
				Rate ratio = 0.82 P = NS^{^f}
				Rate ratio = 0.71 P = NS^{^f}
			Fusion spine surgery	Rate ratio = 0.76 P = NS^{^f}
Weeks et al, 2020²⁴N = 6904	Very low	Long-term	Cost, total spine-related per member per month expenditures	Rate ratio = 0.85 P = NS^{^f}

Note:—NS indicates not significant.
↵a Dichotomous outcomes are shown. A rate ratio of <1 represents an effect in favor of the intervention group.
↵b Adjusted for health system, clinic size, age range, sex, imaging technique, Charlson Comorbidity Index category, seasonality, and health-specific trends. Results of opioid prescription additionally adjusted for prior opioid use. Results of nonsurgical procedures additionally adjusted for nonsurgical use in the year preceding index imaging.
↵c Articles reporting outcomes from the same study.
↵d Nonopioid, pain-related medications including skeletal muscle relaxants, NSAIDs, gabapentenoids, tricyclic antidepressants, and benzodiazepines.
↵e Procedures include lumbosacral epidural steroid injection, facet joint injection, facet join radiofrequency ablation, or sacroiliac injection.
↵f Adjusted for age, sex, line of business, deductible, and forecasted risk score at the time of first MR imaging.