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Table 4: Summary of findings for an educational intervention versus standard, spinal clinic consultation^{^a}
Follow-Up Period/Outcome Outcome Measure (Scale) Effect Size, Mean Difference (95% CI)
Intermediate 
 Pain NRS (0–10) 1.20 (−1.00−3.40)
 Disability NRS (0–10) 1.40 (−1.46−4.26)
 Fear of movement TSK−11 (11–44) 6.70 (−2.12−15.52)
Note:—NRS indicates numeric rating scale; TSK-11, Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia−11.
↵a Karran et al, 2018,²²n = 31. GRADE = very low. Negative values of the mean difference estimate represent an effect in favor of the intervention group.

Follow-Up Period/Outcome	Outcome Measure (Scale)	Effect Size, Mean Difference (95% CI)
Intermediate
Pain	NRS (0–10)	1.20 (−1.00−3.40)
Disability	NRS (0–10)	1.40 (−1.46−4.26)
Fear of movement	TSK−11 (11–44)	6.70 (−2.12−15.52)