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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Atlas-Based Quantification of DTI Measures in a Typically Developing Pediatric Spinal Cord" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A7221" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2021-09-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2021 by American Journal of Neuroradiology. Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="open-access" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Multi-parametric MRI, provides a variety of biomarkers sensitive to white matter integrity, However, spinal cord MRI data in pediatrics is rare compared to adults. The purpose of this work was 3-fold: 1) to develop a processing pipeline for atlas-based generation of the typically developing pediatric spinal cord WM tracts, 2) to derive atlas-based normative values of the DTI indices for various WM pathways, and 3) to investigate age-related changes in the obtained normative DTI indices along the extracted tracts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: DTI scans of 30 typically developing subjects (age range, 6–16 years) were acquired on a 3T MR imaging scanner. The data were registered to the PAM50 template in the Spinal Cord Toolbox. Next, the DTI indices for various WM regions were extracted at a single section centered at the C3 vertebral body in all the 30 subjects. Finally, an ANOVA test was performed to examine the effects of the following: 1) laterality, 2) functionality, and 3) age, with DTI-derived indices in 34 extracted WM regions.

RESULTS: A postprocessing pipeline was developed and validated to delineate pediatric spinal cord WM tracts. The results of ANOVA on fractional anisotropy values showed no effect for laterality ( P  = .72) but an effect for functionality ( P &lt; .001) when comparing the 30 primary WM labels. There was a significant ( P  &lt; .05) effect of age and maturity of the left spinothalamic tract on mean diffusivity, radial diffusivity, and axial diffusivity values.

CONCLUSIONS: The proposed automated pipeline in this study incorporates unique postprocessing steps followed by template registration and quantification of DTI metrics using atlas-based regions. This method eliminates the need for manual ROI analysis of WM tracts and, therefore, increases the accuracy and speed of the measurements.

AD
:   axial diffusivity
CV
:   coefficient of variation
DF
:   dorsal funiculi
FA
:   fractional anisotropy
LF
:   lateral funiculi
MD
:   mean diffusivity
RD
:   radial diffusivity
VF
:   ventral funiculi" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S. Shahrampour" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="B. De Leener" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Alizadeh" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="D. Middleton" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="L. Krisa" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A.E. Flanders" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.H. Faro" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J. Cohen-Adad" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="F.B. Mohamed" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2021-09-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Pediatrics" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Atlas-Based Quantification of DTI Measures in a Typically Developing Pediatric Spinal Cord" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Multi-parametric MRI, provides a variety of biomarkers sensitive to white matter integrity, However, spinal cord MRI data in pediatrics is rare compared to adults. The purpose of this work was 3-fold: 1) to develop a processing pipeline for atlas-based generation of the typically developing pediatric spinal cord WM tracts, 2) to derive atlas-based normative values of the DTI indices for various WM pathways, and 3) to investigate age-related changes in the obtained normative DTI indices along the extracted tracts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;DTI scans of 30 typically developing subjects (age range, 6–16 years) were acquired on a 3T MR imaging scanner. The data were registered to the PAM50 template in the Spinal Cord Toolbox. Next, the DTI indices for various WM regions were extracted at a single section centered at the C3 vertebral body in all the 30 subjects. Finally, an ANOVA test was performed to examine the effects of the following: 1) laterality, 2) functionality, and 3) age, with DTI-derived indices in 34 extracted WM regions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A postprocessing pipeline was developed and validated to delineate pediatric spinal cord WM tracts. The results of ANOVA on fractional anisotropy values showed no effect for laterality (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = .72) but an effect for functionality (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .001) when comparing the 30 primary WM labels. There was a significant (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; &amp;lt; .05) effect of age and maturity of the left spinothalamic tract on mean diffusivity, radial diffusivity, and axial diffusivity values.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The proposed automated pipeline in this study incorporates unique postprocessing steps followed by template registration and quantification of DTI metrics using atlas-based regions. This method eliminates the need for manual ROI analysis of WM tracts and, therefore, increases the accuracy and speed of the measurements.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="S. Shahrampour" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="B. De Leener" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Atlas-Based Quantification of DTI Measures in a Typically Developing Pediatric Spinal Cord" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Multi-parametric MRI, provides a variety of biomarkers sensitive to white matter integrity, However, spinal cord MRI data in pediatrics is rare compared to adults. The purpose of this work was 3-fold: 1) to develop a processing pipeline for atlas-based generation of the typically developing pediatric spinal cord WM tracts, 2) to derive atlas-based normative values of the DTI indices for various WM pathways, and 3) to investigate age-related changes in the obtained normative DTI indices along the extracted tracts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: DTI scans of 30 typically developing subjects (age range, 6–16 years) were acquired on a 3T MR imaging scanner. The data were registered to the PAM50 template in the Spinal Cord Toolbox. Next, the DTI indices for various WM regions were extracted at a single section centered at the C3 vertebral body in all the 30 subjects. Finally, an ANOVA test was performed to examine the effects of the following: 1) laterality, 2) functionality, and 3) age, with DTI-derived indices in 34 extracted WM regions.

RESULTS: A postprocessing pipeline was developed and validated to delineate pediatric spinal cord WM tracts. The results of ANOVA on fractional anisotropy values showed no effect for laterality ( P  = .72) but an effect for functionality ( P &lt; .001) when comparing the 30 primary WM labels. There was a significant ( P  &lt; .05) effect of age and maturity of the left spinothalamic tract on mean diffusivity, radial diffusivity, and axial diffusivity values.

CONCLUSIONS: The proposed automated pipeline in this study incorporates unique postprocessing steps followed by template registration and quantification of DTI metrics using atlas-based regions. This method eliminates the need for manual ROI analysis of WM tracts and, therefore, increases the accuracy and speed of the measurements.

AD
:   axial diffusivity
CV
:   coefficient of variation
DF
:   dorsal funiculi
FA
:   fractional anisotropy
LF
:   lateral funiculi
MD
:   mean diffusivity
RD
:   radial diffusivity
VF
:   ventral funiculi" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Atlas-Based Quantification of DTI Measures in a Typically Developing Pediatric Spinal Cord" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/42/9/1727" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Multi-parametric MRI, provides a variety of biomarkers sensitive to white matter integrity, However, spinal cord MRI data in pediatrics is rare compared to adults. The purpose of this work was 3-fold: 1) to develop a processing pipeline for atlas-based generation of the typically developing pediatric spinal cord WM tracts, 2) to derive atlas-based normative values of the DTI indices for various WM pathways, and 3) to investigate age-related changes in the obtained normative DTI indices along the extracted tracts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: DTI scans of 30 typically developing subjects (age range, 6–16 years) were acquired on a 3T MR imaging scanner. The data were registered to the PAM50 template in the Spinal Cord Toolbox. Next, the DTI indices for various WM regions were extracted at a single section centered at the C3 vertebral body in all the 30 subjects. Finally, an ANOVA test was performed to examine the effects of the following: 1) laterality, 2) functionality, and 3) age, with DTI-derived indices in 34 extracted WM regions.

RESULTS: A postprocessing pipeline was developed and validated to delineate pediatric spinal cord WM tracts. The results of ANOVA on fractional anisotropy values showed no effect for laterality ( P  = .72) but an effect for functionality ( P &lt; .001) when comparing the 30 primary WM labels. There was a significant ( P  &lt; .05) effect of age and maturity of the left spinothalamic tract on mean diffusivity, radial diffusivity, and axial diffusivity values.

CONCLUSIONS: The proposed automated pipeline in this study incorporates unique postprocessing steps followed by template registration and quantification of DTI metrics using atlas-based regions. This method eliminates the need for manual ROI analysis of WM tracts and, therefore, increases the accuracy and speed of the measurements.

AD
:   axial diffusivity
CV
:   coefficient of variation
DF
:   dorsal funiculi
FA
:   fractional anisotropy
LF
:   lateral funiculi
MD
:   mean diffusivity
RD
:   radial diffusivity
VF
:   ventral funiculi" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node92824--5" data-node-nid="92824" id="top-node-92824--6117519080" data-pisa="ajnr;42/9/1727" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A7221" data-apath="/ajnr/42/9/1727.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Pediatrics</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><i class="highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access open-access hw-icon-open-access" title="Open Access" aria-hidden="true"></i><span  class="element-invisible highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access" style="">Open Access</span></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Atlas-Based Quantification of DTI Measures in a Typically Developing Pediatric Spinal Cord</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">S. Shahrampour</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">B. De Leener</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">M. Alizadeh</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">D. Middleton</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">L. Krisa</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">A.E. Flanders</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">S.H. Faro</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">J. Cohen-Adad</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">F.B. Mohamed</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">September 2021,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">42 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(9) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1727-1734; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A7221 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-92824--6117519080" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Shahrampour </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Radiology (S.S., M.A., D.M., F.B.M.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BShahrampour%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Shahrampour%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BShahrampour%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7420-4183" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S. Shahrampour</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">B. De Leener </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Department of Computer Engineering and Software Engineering (B.D.L.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=B.%2BDe%2BLeener%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=De%20Leener%20B&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AB.%2BDe%2BLeener%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1378-2756" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for B. De Leener</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M. Alizadeh </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Radiology (S.S., M.A., D.M., F.B.M.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BAlizadeh%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Alizadeh%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BAlizadeh%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1923-0407" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M. Alizadeh</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">D. Middleton </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Radiology (S.S., M.A., D.M., F.B.M.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=D.%2BMiddleton%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Middleton%20D&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AD.%2BMiddleton%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6437-2159" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for D. Middleton</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">L. Krisa </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Occupational Therapy (L.K.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=L.%2BKrisa%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Krisa%20L&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AL.%2BKrisa%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7345-4922" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for L. Krisa</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A.E. Flanders </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Radiology (A.E.F., S.H.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=A.E.%2BFlanders%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Flanders%20A&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AA.E.%2BFlanders%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4679-0787" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for A.E. Flanders</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S.H. Faro </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Radiology (A.E.F., S.H.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.H.%2BFaro%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Faro%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.H.%2BFaro%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1521-8718" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S.H. Faro</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J. Cohen-Adad </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>NeuroPoly Lab (J.C.-A.), Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>f</span>Functional Neuroimaging Unit (J.C.-A.), Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.%2BCohen-Adad%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Cohen-Adad%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.%2BCohen-Adad%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3662-9532" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J. 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Mohamed </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Departments of Radiology (S.S., M.A., D.M., F.B.M.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=F.B.%2BMohamed%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Mohamed%20F&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AF.B.%2BMohamed%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0764-0612" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for F.B. 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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" data-highwire-cite-ref-tooltip-instance="highwire_reflinks_tooltip" class="content-block-markup" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div class="article abstract-view "><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-start"></span><div class="section abstract" id="abstract-1"><h2>Abstract</h2><div id="sec-1" class="subsection"><p id="p-2"><strong>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:</strong> Multi-parametric MRI, provides a variety of biomarkers sensitive to white matter integrity, However, spinal cord MRI data in pediatrics is rare compared to adults. The purpose of this work was 3-fold: 1) to develop a processing pipeline for atlas-based generation of the typically developing pediatric spinal cord WM tracts, 2) to derive atlas-based normative values of the DTI indices for various WM pathways, and 3) to investigate age-related changes in the obtained normative DTI indices along the extracted tracts.</p></div><div id="sec-2" class="subsection"><p id="p-3"><strong>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</strong> DTI scans of 30 typically developing subjects (age range, 6–16 years) were acquired on a 3T MR imaging scanner. The data were registered to the PAM50 template in the Spinal Cord Toolbox. Next, the DTI indices for various WM regions were extracted at a single section centered at the C3 vertebral body in all the 30 subjects. Finally, an ANOVA test was performed to examine the effects of the following: 1) laterality, 2) functionality, and 3) age, with DTI-derived indices in 34 extracted WM regions.</p></div><div id="sec-3" class="subsection"><p id="p-4"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> A postprocessing pipeline was developed and validated to delineate pediatric spinal cord WM tracts. The results of ANOVA on fractional anisotropy values showed no effect for laterality (<em>P</em> = .72) but an effect for functionality (<em>P</em> &lt; .001) when comparing the 30 primary WM labels. There was a significant (<em>P</em> &lt; .05) effect of age and maturity of the left spinothalamic tract on mean diffusivity, radial diffusivity, and axial diffusivity values.</p></div><div id="sec-4" class="subsection"><p id="p-5"><strong>CONCLUSIONS:</strong> The proposed automated pipeline in this study incorporates unique postprocessing steps followed by template registration and quantification of DTI metrics using atlas-based regions. This method eliminates the need for manual ROI analysis of WM tracts and, therefore, increases the accuracy and speed of the measurements.</p></div></div><div class="section glossary" id="glossary-1"><h2 class="">ABBREVIATIONS:</h2><dl id="def-list-1"><dt id="def-item-1">AD<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>axial diffusivity<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-2">CV<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>coefficient of variation<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-3">DF<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>dorsal funiculi<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-4">FA<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>fractional anisotropy<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-5">LF<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>lateral funiculi<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-6">MD<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>mean diffusivity<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-7">RD<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>radial diffusivity<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-8">VF<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>ventral funiculi</dd></dl></div><ul class="copyright-statement"><li class="fn" id="copyright-statement-1">© 2021 by American Journal of Neuroradiology</li></ul><div class="license" id="license-1"><p id="p-1">Indicates open access to non-subscribers at <a href="http://www.ajnr.org" rel="license">www.ajnr.org</a></p></div><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"></span></div><span class="related-urls"></span></div><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/42/9/1727.full" class="hw-link hw-link-article-full-text" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">View Full Text</a></div>  </div>

  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Shahrampour</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">B.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">De Leener</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Alizadeh</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Middleton</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Krisa</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.E.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Flanders</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.H.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Faro</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Cohen-Adad</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">F.B.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mohamed</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Sep 2021, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">42 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(9) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1727-1734; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A7221 </span></div>
  
  
  
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