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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Regional Differences in Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid and Glutamate Concentrations in the Healthy Newborn Brain" />
<meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.3174/ajnr.A7336" />
<meta name="DC.Date" content="2022-01-01" />
<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="DC.Rights" content="© 2022 by American Journal of Neuroradiology. Indicates open access to non-subscribers at www.ajnr.org" />
<meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="open-access" />
<meta name="DC.Description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate system disruptions may underlie neonatal brain injury. However, in vivo investigations are challenged by the need for special 1H-MR spectroscopy sequences for the reliable measurement of the neurotransmitters in this population. We used J -edited 1H-MR spectroscopy (Mescher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy) to quantify regional in vivo gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate concentrations during the early postnatal period in healthy neonates.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively enrolled healthy neonates and acquired Mescher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy spectra on a 3T MR imaging scanner from voxels located in the cerebellum, the right basal ganglia, and the right frontal lobe. CSF-corrected metabolite concentrations were compared for regional variations and cross-sectional temporal trends with advancing age.

RESULTS: Fifty-eight neonates with acceptable spectra acquired at postmenstrual age of 39.1 (SD, 1.3) weeks were included for analysis. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (+ macromolecule) (2.56 [SD, 0.1]) i.u., glutamate (3.80 [SD, 0.2]), Cho, and mIns concentrations were highest in the cerebellum, whereas NAA (6.72 [SD, 0.2]), NAA/Cho, Cr/Cho, and Glx/Cho were highest in the basal ganglia. Frontal gamma-aminobutyric acid (1.63 [SD, 0.1]), Glx (4.33 [SD, 0.3]), Cr (3.64 [SD, 0.2]), and Cho concentrations were the lowest among the ROIs. Glx, NAA, and Cr demonstrated a significant adjusted increase with postmenstrual age (β = 0.2–0.35), whereas gamma-aminobutyric acid and Cho did not.

CONCLUSIONS: We report normative regional variations and temporal trends of in vivo gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate concentrations reflecting the functional and maturational status of 3 distinct brain regions of the neonate. These measures will serve as important normative values to allow early detection of subtle neurometabolic alterations in high-risk neonates.

J -DIFF
:   J -edited difference spectrum
GABA
:   gamma-aminobutyric acid
GABA+
:   GABA with macromolecules
Glu
:   glutamate
GSH
:   glutathione
MEGA-PRESS
:   Mescher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy
NDI
:   neurodevelopmental impairment
NS
:   not significant
PMA
:   postmenstrual age
TEA
:   term-equivalent age" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.K. Basu" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S. Pradhan" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="S.D. Barnett" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="M. Mikkelsen" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="K.J. Kapse" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J. Murnick" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="J.L. Quistorff" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C.A. Lopez" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="A.J. du Plessis" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="C. Limperopoulos" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2022-01-01" />
<meta name="article:section" content="Pediatrics" />
<meta name="citation_title" content="Regional Differences in Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid and Glutamate Concentrations in the Healthy Newborn Brain" />
<meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="&lt;h3&gt;BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate system disruptions may underlie neonatal brain injury. However, in vivo investigations are challenged by the need for special &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H-MR spectroscopy sequences for the reliable measurement of the neurotransmitters in this population. We used &lt;i&gt;J&lt;/i&gt;-edited &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;H-MR spectroscopy (Mescher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy) to quantify regional in vivo gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate concentrations during the early postnatal period in healthy neonates.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;MATERIALS AND METHODS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We prospectively enrolled healthy neonates and acquired Mescher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy spectra on a 3T MR imaging scanner from voxels located in the cerebellum, the right basal ganglia, and the right frontal lobe. CSF-corrected metabolite concentrations were compared for regional variations and cross-sectional temporal trends with advancing age.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Fifty-eight neonates with acceptable spectra acquired at postmenstrual age of 39.1 (SD, 1.3) weeks were included for analysis. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (+ macromolecule) (2.56 [SD, 0.1]) i.u., glutamate (3.80 [SD, 0.2]), Cho, and mIns concentrations were highest in the cerebellum, whereas NAA (6.72 [SD, 0.2]), NAA/Cho, Cr/Cho, and Glx/Cho were highest in the basal ganglia. Frontal gamma-aminobutyric acid (1.63 [SD, 0.1]), Glx (4.33 [SD, 0.3]), Cr (3.64 [SD, 0.2]), and Cho concentrations were the lowest among the ROIs. Glx, NAA, and Cr demonstrated a significant adjusted increase with postmenstrual age (β = 0.2–0.35), whereas gamma-aminobutyric acid and Cho did not.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;CONCLUSIONS:&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We report normative regional variations and temporal trends of in vivo gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate concentrations reflecting the functional and maturational status of 3 distinct brain regions of the neonate. These measures will serve as important normative values to allow early detection of subtle neurometabolic alterations in high-risk neonates.&lt;/p&gt;" />
<meta name="citation_journal_title" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
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<meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2022/01/01" />
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<meta name="citation_issn" content="0195-6108" />
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<meta name="citation_author" content="S.K. Basu" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Regional Differences in Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid and Glutamate Concentrations in the Healthy Newborn Brain" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate system disruptions may underlie neonatal brain injury. However, in vivo investigations are challenged by the need for special 1H-MR spectroscopy sequences for the reliable measurement of the neurotransmitters in this population. We used J -edited 1H-MR spectroscopy (Mescher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy) to quantify regional in vivo gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate concentrations during the early postnatal period in healthy neonates.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively enrolled healthy neonates and acquired Mescher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy spectra on a 3T MR imaging scanner from voxels located in the cerebellum, the right basal ganglia, and the right frontal lobe. CSF-corrected metabolite concentrations were compared for regional variations and cross-sectional temporal trends with advancing age.

RESULTS: Fifty-eight neonates with acceptable spectra acquired at postmenstrual age of 39.1 (SD, 1.3) weeks were included for analysis. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (+ macromolecule) (2.56 [SD, 0.1]) i.u., glutamate (3.80 [SD, 0.2]), Cho, and mIns concentrations were highest in the cerebellum, whereas NAA (6.72 [SD, 0.2]), NAA/Cho, Cr/Cho, and Glx/Cho were highest in the basal ganglia. Frontal gamma-aminobutyric acid (1.63 [SD, 0.1]), Glx (4.33 [SD, 0.3]), Cr (3.64 [SD, 0.2]), and Cho concentrations were the lowest among the ROIs. Glx, NAA, and Cr demonstrated a significant adjusted increase with postmenstrual age (β = 0.2–0.35), whereas gamma-aminobutyric acid and Cho did not.

CONCLUSIONS: We report normative regional variations and temporal trends of in vivo gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate concentrations reflecting the functional and maturational status of 3 distinct brain regions of the neonate. These measures will serve as important normative values to allow early detection of subtle neurometabolic alterations in high-risk neonates.

J -DIFF
:   J -edited difference spectrum
GABA
:   gamma-aminobutyric acid
GABA+
:   GABA with macromolecules
Glu
:   glutamate
GSH
:   glutathione
MEGA-PRESS
:   Mescher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy
NDI
:   neurodevelopmental impairment
NS
:   not significant
PMA
:   postmenstrual age
TEA
:   term-equivalent age" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Regional Differences in Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid and Glutamate Concentrations in the Healthy Newborn Brain" />
<meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/43/1/125" />
<meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="American Journal of Neuroradiology" />
<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate system disruptions may underlie neonatal brain injury. However, in vivo investigations are challenged by the need for special 1H-MR spectroscopy sequences for the reliable measurement of the neurotransmitters in this population. We used J -edited 1H-MR spectroscopy (Mescher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy) to quantify regional in vivo gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate concentrations during the early postnatal period in healthy neonates.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively enrolled healthy neonates and acquired Mescher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy spectra on a 3T MR imaging scanner from voxels located in the cerebellum, the right basal ganglia, and the right frontal lobe. CSF-corrected metabolite concentrations were compared for regional variations and cross-sectional temporal trends with advancing age.

RESULTS: Fifty-eight neonates with acceptable spectra acquired at postmenstrual age of 39.1 (SD, 1.3) weeks were included for analysis. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (+ macromolecule) (2.56 [SD, 0.1]) i.u., glutamate (3.80 [SD, 0.2]), Cho, and mIns concentrations were highest in the cerebellum, whereas NAA (6.72 [SD, 0.2]), NAA/Cho, Cr/Cho, and Glx/Cho were highest in the basal ganglia. Frontal gamma-aminobutyric acid (1.63 [SD, 0.1]), Glx (4.33 [SD, 0.3]), Cr (3.64 [SD, 0.2]), and Cho concentrations were the lowest among the ROIs. Glx, NAA, and Cr demonstrated a significant adjusted increase with postmenstrual age (β = 0.2–0.35), whereas gamma-aminobutyric acid and Cho did not.

CONCLUSIONS: We report normative regional variations and temporal trends of in vivo gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate concentrations reflecting the functional and maturational status of 3 distinct brain regions of the neonate. These measures will serve as important normative values to allow early detection of subtle neurometabolic alterations in high-risk neonates.

J -DIFF
:   J -edited difference spectrum
GABA
:   gamma-aminobutyric acid
GABA+
:   GABA with macromolecules
Glu
:   glutamate
GSH
:   glutathione
MEGA-PRESS
:   Mescher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy
NDI
:   neurodevelopmental impairment
NS
:   not significant
PMA
:   postmenstrual age
TEA
:   term-equivalent age" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node94821--5" data-node-nid="94821" id="top-node-94821--6652903167" data-pisa="ajnr;43/1/125" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A7336" data-apath="/ajnr/43/1/125.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Pediatrics</span></span></div>
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><i class="highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access open-access hw-icon-open-access" title="Open Access" aria-hidden="true"></i><span  class="element-invisible highwire-access-icon highwire-access-icon-open-access" style="">Open Access</span></span></div>
  
      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Regional Differences in Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid and Glutamate Concentrations in the Healthy Newborn Brain</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">S.K. Basu</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">S. Pradhan</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">S.D. Barnett</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">M. Mikkelsen</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">K.J. Kapse</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">J. Murnick</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">J.L. Quistorff</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">C.A. Lopez</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">A.J. du Plessis</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9">C. Limperopoulos</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">January 2022,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">43 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(1) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">125-131; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A7336 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-94821--6652903167" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S.K. Basu </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Department of Neonatology (S.K.B.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Developing Brain Institute (S.K.B., S.P., S.D.B., K.J.K., J.L.Q., C.A.L., C.L.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>George Washington University School of Medicine (S.K.B. S.P., S.D.B., J.M., A.J.d.P., C.L.), Washington, DC</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.K.%2BBasu%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Basu%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.K.%2BBasu%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9887-8764" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S.K. Basu</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S. Pradhan </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Developing Brain Institute (S.K.B., S.P., S.D.B., K.J.K., J.L.Q., C.A.L., C.L.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>George Washington University School of Medicine (S.K.B. S.P., S.D.B., J.M., A.J.d.P., C.L.), Washington, DC</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.%2BPradhan%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Pradhan%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.%2BPradhan%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9236-3551" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S. Pradhan</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">S.D. Barnett </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Developing Brain Institute (S.K.B., S.P., S.D.B., K.J.K., J.L.Q., C.A.L., C.L.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>George Washington University School of Medicine (S.K.B. S.P., S.D.B., J.M., A.J.d.P., C.L.), Washington, DC</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=S.D.%2BBarnett%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Barnett%20S&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AS.D.%2BBarnett%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4690-3278" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for S.D. Barnett</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">M. Mikkelsen </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>f</span>Department of Radiology (M.M., J.M.), Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=M.%2BMikkelsen%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Mikkelsen%20M&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AM.%2BMikkelsen%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0349-3782" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for M. Mikkelsen</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">K.J. Kapse </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Developing Brain Institute (S.K.B., S.P., S.D.B., K.J.K., J.L.Q., C.A.L., C.L.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=K.J.%2BKapse%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Kapse%20K&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AK.J.%2BKapse%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8363-5404" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for K.J. Kapse</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J. Murnick </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>George Washington University School of Medicine (S.K.B. S.P., S.D.B., J.M., A.J.d.P., C.L.), Washington, DC</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>f</span>Department of Radiology (M.M., J.M.), Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.%2BMurnick%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Murnick%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.%2BMurnick%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0582-428X" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J. Murnick</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">J.L. Quistorff </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Developing Brain Institute (S.K.B., S.P., S.D.B., K.J.K., J.L.Q., C.A.L., C.L.)</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=J.L.%2BQuistorff%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Quistorff%20J&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AJ.L.%2BQuistorff%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3317-1055" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for J.L. 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Lopez</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">A.J. du Plessis </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>d</span>Fetal Medicine Institute (A.J.d.P.), Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>George Washington University School of Medicine (S.K.B. 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Limperopoulos </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Developing Brain Institute (S.K.B., S.P., S.D.B., K.J.K., J.L.Q., C.A.L., C.L.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>c</span>Division of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology (C.L.)</div><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>e</span>George Washington University School of Medicine (S.K.B. 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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Regional Differences in Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid and Glutamate Concentrations in the Healthy Newborn Brain</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.K.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Basu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Pradhan</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Barnett</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mikkelsen</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">K.J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Kapse</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Murnick</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Quistorff</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Lopez</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">du Plessis</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Limperopoulos</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jan 2022, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">43 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(1) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">125-131; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A7336 </span></div>
  
  
  
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      <div class="highwire-cite-title">Regional Differences in Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid and Glutamate Concentrations in the Healthy Newborn Brain</div>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.K.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Basu</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Pradhan</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2"><span class="nlm-given-names">S.D.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Barnett</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3"><span class="nlm-given-names">M.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Mikkelsen</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4"><span class="nlm-given-names">K.J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Kapse</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Murnick</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6"><span class="nlm-given-names">J.L.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Quistorff</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.A.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Lopez</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8"><span class="nlm-given-names">A.J.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">du Plessis</span></span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="9"><span class="nlm-given-names">C.</span> <span class="nlm-surname">Limperopoulos</span></span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-oa-ind highwire-cite-metadata"><i class="highwire-oa-indicator"></i> </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Jan 2022, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">43 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(1) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">125-131; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A7336 </span></div>
  
  
  
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