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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Clinical and Radiologic Findings in Children with Anomalous Pontine Cranial Nerves" />
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<meta name="DC.Description" content="SUMMARY: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and radiologic findings in 17 children with an aberrant cisternal cranial nerve 7 (CN7), and found that these patients had additional anomalies involving other pontine cranial nerves (CNs). The hallmark imaging feature identified in all patients was an aberrant cisternal segment of an enlarged-appearing CN7. The abnormal nerve coursed anteriorly toward the Gasserian ganglion, where it fanned out toward the internal auditory canal, Meckel cave, or both. This finding was accompanied by a small cisternal CN5, which often had a lateral bowed appearance. CN5 and CN7 were abnormally close to each other. Meckel’s cave appeared widened posteriorly and often was close to or merged with the internal auditory canal. Other abnormalities in the pontine CNs included CN8 deficiency in most children and variable CN6 deficiency. This constellation of findings was most often discovered in children having an MR evaluation for sensorineural hearing loss, and most patients had preserved facial nerve function. In patients with available genetic testing, no pathogenic variants were observed. Interestingly, in 13 children with an available birth history, 9 were notable for maternal or gestational diabetes (69%), suggesting a possible early intrauterine insult to the developing nerves.

CN
:   cranial nerve
IAC
:   internal auditory canal
OAVS
:   oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum
PTCD
:   pontine tegmental cap dysplasia
SNHL
:   sensorineural hearing loss" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Karen K. Moeller" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Brandon H. Tran" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Thierry A.G.M. Huisman" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Nilesh K. Desai" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Marcia K. Kukreja" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Rajan P. Patel" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Uma S. Ramaswamy" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Carol Liu" />
<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Stephen F. Kralik" />
<meta name="article:published_time" content="2024-12-01" />
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&lt;p&gt;We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and radiologic findings in 17 children with an aberrant cisternal cranial nerve 7 (CN7), and found that these patients had additional anomalies involving other pontine cranial nerves (CNs). The hallmark imaging feature identified in all patients was an aberrant cisternal segment of an enlarged-appearing CN7. The abnormal nerve coursed anteriorly toward the Gasserian ganglion, where it fanned out toward the internal auditory canal, Meckel cave, or both. This finding was accompanied by a small cisternal CN5, which often had a lateral bowed appearance. CN5 and CN7 were abnormally close to each other. Meckel’s cave appeared widened posteriorly and often was close to or merged with the internal auditory canal. Other abnormalities in the pontine CNs included CN8 deficiency in most children and variable CN6 deficiency. This constellation of findings was most often discovered in children having an MR evaluation for sensorineural hearing loss, and most patients had preserved facial nerve function. In patients with available genetic testing, no pathogenic variants were observed. Interestingly, in 13 children with an available birth history, 9 were notable for maternal or gestational diabetes (69%), suggesting a possible early intrauterine insult to the developing nerves.&lt;/p&gt;" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Clinical and Radiologic Findings in Children with Anomalous Pontine Cranial Nerves" />
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="SUMMARY: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and radiologic findings in 17 children with an aberrant cisternal cranial nerve 7 (CN7), and found that these patients had additional anomalies involving other pontine cranial nerves (CNs). The hallmark imaging feature identified in all patients was an aberrant cisternal segment of an enlarged-appearing CN7. The abnormal nerve coursed anteriorly toward the Gasserian ganglion, where it fanned out toward the internal auditory canal, Meckel cave, or both. This finding was accompanied by a small cisternal CN5, which often had a lateral bowed appearance. CN5 and CN7 were abnormally close to each other. Meckel’s cave appeared widened posteriorly and often was close to or merged with the internal auditory canal. Other abnormalities in the pontine CNs included CN8 deficiency in most children and variable CN6 deficiency. This constellation of findings was most often discovered in children having an MR evaluation for sensorineural hearing loss, and most patients had preserved facial nerve function. In patients with available genetic testing, no pathogenic variants were observed. Interestingly, in 13 children with an available birth history, 9 were notable for maternal or gestational diabetes (69%), suggesting a possible early intrauterine insult to the developing nerves.

CN
:   cranial nerve
IAC
:   internal auditory canal
OAVS
:   oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum
PTCD
:   pontine tegmental cap dysplasia
SNHL
:   sensorineural hearing loss" />
<meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Clinical and Radiologic Findings in Children with Anomalous Pontine Cranial Nerves" />
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<meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="SUMMARY: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and radiologic findings in 17 children with an aberrant cisternal cranial nerve 7 (CN7), and found that these patients had additional anomalies involving other pontine cranial nerves (CNs). The hallmark imaging feature identified in all patients was an aberrant cisternal segment of an enlarged-appearing CN7. The abnormal nerve coursed anteriorly toward the Gasserian ganglion, where it fanned out toward the internal auditory canal, Meckel cave, or both. This finding was accompanied by a small cisternal CN5, which often had a lateral bowed appearance. CN5 and CN7 were abnormally close to each other. Meckel’s cave appeared widened posteriorly and often was close to or merged with the internal auditory canal. Other abnormalities in the pontine CNs included CN8 deficiency in most children and variable CN6 deficiency. This constellation of findings was most often discovered in children having an MR evaluation for sensorineural hearing loss, and most patients had preserved facial nerve function. In patients with available genetic testing, no pathogenic variants were observed. Interestingly, in 13 children with an available birth history, 9 were notable for maternal or gestational diabetes (69%), suggesting a possible early intrauterine insult to the developing nerves.

CN
:   cranial nerve
IAC
:   internal auditory canal
OAVS
:   oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum
PTCD
:   pontine tegmental cap dysplasia
SNHL
:   sensorineural hearing loss" />
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    <div class="highwire-article-citation highwire-citation-type-highwire-article node112055--5" data-node-nid="112055" id="top-node-112055--6509861392" data-pisa="ajnr;45/12/1895" data-pisa-master="ajnr;ajnr.A8414" data-apath="/ajnr/45/12/1895.atom" data-hw-author-tooltip-instance="highwire_author_tooltip"><div class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-jcore-article-title-complete clearfix has-author-tooltip highwire-citation-highwire-article-top-a">
  
  
      <div class="highwire-cite-overline"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-article-type highwire-cite-metadata">Research Article</span><span class="separator-pipe"></span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-art-cat highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="wrapper">Pediatric Neuroimaging</span></span></div>
  
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      <h1 class="highwire-cite-title" id="page-title">Clinical and Radiologic Findings in Children with Anomalous Pontine Cranial Nerves</h1>  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-authors"><span  class="highwire-citation-authors"><span class="highwire-citation-author first" data-delta="0">Karen K. Moeller</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="1">Brandon H. Tran</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="2">Thierry A.G.M. Huisman</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="3">Nilesh K. Desai</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="4">Marcia K. Kukreja</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="5">Rajan P. Patel</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="6">Uma S. Ramaswamy</span>, <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="7">Carol Liu</span> and <span class="highwire-citation-author" data-delta="8">Stephen F. Kralik</span></span></div>
  
    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">December 2024,  </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">45 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(12) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1895-1900; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata">DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A8414 </span></div>
  
  
  
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<div id="hw-article-author-popups-top-node-112055--6509861392" style="display: none;"><div class="author-tooltip-0"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Karen K. Moeller </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology (K.K.M., B.H.T., T.A.G.M.H., N.K.D., M.K.K., R.P.P., S.F.K.), Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Karen%2BK.%2BMoeller%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Moeller%20KK&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AKaren%2BK.%2BMoeller%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-1"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Brandon H. Tran </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology (K.K.M., B.H.T., T.A.G.M.H., N.K.D., M.K.K., R.P.P., S.F.K.), Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Brandon%2BH.%2BTran%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Tran%20BH&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3ABrandon%2BH.%2BTran%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0436-551X" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Brandon H. Tran</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-2"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Thierry A.G.M. Huisman </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology (K.K.M., B.H.T., T.A.G.M.H., N.K.D., M.K.K., R.P.P., S.F.K.), Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Thierry%2BA.G.M.%2BHuisman%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Huisman%20TA&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AThierry%2BA.G.M.%2BHuisman%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2302-6724" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Thierry A.G.M. Huisman</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-3"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Nilesh K. Desai </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology (K.K.M., B.H.T., T.A.G.M.H., N.K.D., M.K.K., R.P.P., S.F.K.), Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Nilesh%2BK.%2BDesai%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Desai%20NK&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3ANilesh%2BK.%2BDesai%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9663-8655" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Nilesh K. Desai</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-4"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Marcia K. Kukreja </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology (K.K.M., B.H.T., T.A.G.M.H., N.K.D., M.K.K., R.P.P., S.F.K.), Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Marcia%2BK.%2BKukreja%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Kukreja%20MK&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AMarcia%2BK.%2BKukreja%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8902-5236" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Marcia K. Kukreja</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-5"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Rajan P. Patel </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology (K.K.M., B.H.T., T.A.G.M.H., N.K.D., M.K.K., R.P.P., S.F.K.), Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Rajan%2BP.%2BPatel%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Patel%20RP&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ARajan%2BP.%2BPatel%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-6"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Uma S. Ramaswamy </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology (U.S.R., C.L.), Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Uma%2BS.%2BRamaswamy%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Ramaswamy%20US&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3AUma%2BS.%2BRamaswamy%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-7"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Carol Liu </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>b</span>Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology (U.S.R., C.L.), Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Carol%2BLiu%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Liu%20C&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link last"><a href="/search/author1%3ACarol%2BLiu%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li></ul></div><div class="author-tooltip-8"><div class="author-tooltip-name">Stephen F. Kralik </div><div class="author-tooltip-affiliation"><span class="author-tooltip-text"><div class='author-affiliation'><span class='nlm-sup'>a</span>From the Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology (K.K.M., B.H.T., T.A.G.M.H., N.K.D., M.K.K., R.P.P., S.F.K.), Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas</div></span></div><ul class="author-tooltip-find-more"><li class="author-tooltip-gs-link first"><a href="/lookup/google-scholar?link_type=googlescholar&amp;gs_type=author&amp;author%5B0%5D=Stephen%2BF.%2BKralik%2B" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on Google Scholar</a></li><li class="author-tooltip-pubmed-link"><a href="/lookup/external-ref?access_num=Kralik%20SF&amp;link_type=AUTHORSEARCH" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Find this author on PubMed</a></li><li class="author-site-search-link"><a href="/search/author1%3AStephen%2BF.%2BKralik%2B" rel="nofollow" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Search for this author on this site</a></li><li class="author-orcid-link last"><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7213-1761" target="_blank" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">ORCID record for Stephen F. 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    <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" data-highwire-cite-ref-tooltip-instance="highwire_reflinks_tooltip" class="content-block-markup" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div class="article abstract-view "><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-start"></span><div class="section graphic-abstract" id="abstract-1"><h2 class="">Graphical Abstract</h2><div id="F1" class="fig pos-float graphic-abstract  odd"><div class="highwire-figure"><div class="fig-inline-img-wrapper"><div class="fig-inline-img"><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/ajnr/45/12/1895/F1.large.jpg?width=800&amp;height=600&amp;carousel=1" title="" class="highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load" rel="gallery-fragment-images-1479335446" data-figure-caption="&lt;div class=&quot;highwire-markup&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="hw-responsive-img"><img class="highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload" alt="Figure" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/ajnr/45/12/1895/F1.medium.gif" width="440" height="220"/><noscript><img class="highwire-fragment fragment-image" alt="Figure" src="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/ajnr/45/12/1895/F1.medium.gif" width="440" height="220"/></noscript></span></a></div></div><ul class="highwire-figure-links inline"><li class="download-fig first"><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/ajnr/45/12/1895/F1.large.jpg?download=true" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download" title="Download Figure1" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Download figure</a></li><li class="new-tab"><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/ajnr/45/12/1895/F1.large.jpg" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab" target="_blank" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Open in new tab</a></li><li class="download-ppt last"><a href="/highwire/powerpoint/112074" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Download powerpoint</a></li></ul></div></div><p id="p-1"></p></div><div class="section abstract" id="abstract-2"><h2>Abstract</h2><div id="sec-1" class="subsection"><p id="p-2"><strong>SUMMARY:</strong> We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and radiologic findings in 17 children with an aberrant cisternal cranial nerve 7 (CN7), and found that these patients had additional anomalies involving other pontine cranial nerves (CNs). The hallmark imaging feature identified in all patients was an aberrant cisternal segment of an enlarged-appearing CN7. The abnormal nerve coursed anteriorly toward the Gasserian ganglion, where it fanned out toward the internal auditory canal, Meckel cave, or both. This finding was accompanied by a small cisternal CN5, which often had a lateral bowed appearance. CN5 and CN7 were abnormally close to each other. Meckel’s cave appeared widened posteriorly and often was close to or merged with the internal auditory canal. Other abnormalities in the pontine CNs included CN8 deficiency in most children and variable CN6 deficiency. This constellation of findings was most often discovered in children having an MR evaluation for sensorineural hearing loss, and most patients had preserved facial nerve function. In patients with available genetic testing, no pathogenic variants were observed. Interestingly, in 13 children with an available birth history, 9 were notable for maternal or gestational diabetes (69%), suggesting a possible early intrauterine insult to the developing nerves.</p></div></div><div class="section glossary" id="glossary-1"><h2 class="">ABBREVIATIONS:</h2><dl id="def-list-1"><dt id="def-item-1">CN<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>cranial nerve<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-2">IAC<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>internal auditory canal<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-3">OAVS<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-4">PTCD<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>pontine tegmental cap dysplasia<span class="def-item-dd-sep"></span></dd><dt id="def-item-5">SNHL<span class="def-item-dt-sep"></span></dt><dd>sensorineural hearing loss</dd></dl></div><ul class="copyright-statement"><li class="fn" id="copyright-statement-1">© 2024 by American Journal of Neuroradiology</li></ul><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"></span></div><span class="related-urls"></span></div><a href="http://ajnr-stage2.stage.highwire.org/content/45/12/1895.full" class="hw-link hw-link-article-full-text" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">View Full Text</a></div>  </div>

  
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        	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">Vol. 45</span>, <span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">Issue 12 </span><div  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pubdate highwire-cite-metadata">1 Dec 2024 </div></div>
      
      
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Dec 2024, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">45 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(12) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1895-1900; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A8414 </span></div>
  
  
  
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    	<div class="highwire-cite-metadata"><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata">American Journal of Neuroradiology </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-date highwire-cite-metadata">Dec 2024, </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata">45 </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-issue highwire-cite-metadata">(12) </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-pages highwire-cite-metadata">1895-1900; </span><span  class="highwire-cite-metadata-doi highwire-cite-metadata"><span class="label">DOI:</span> 10.3174/ajnr.A8414 </span></div>
  
  
  
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